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Anatomy and Physiology II > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

0
Q

WBC aka

A

Leukocytes

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1
Q

Red blood cells aka

A

Erythrocytes

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2
Q

Platelets aka

A

Thrombocytes

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3
Q

Cells that make blood

A

Hemocytoblasts

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4
Q

5 hemocytoblasts

A 
Megakaryoblasts 
Lymphoblasts
Monoblasts
Myeloblasts 
Rubriblasts
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5
Q

Megakaryoblasts

A

Make platelets (thrombocytes) which aren’t cells

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6
Q

Lymphoblasts

A

Make WBC lymphocytes

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7
Q

Monoblasts

A

Make WBC monocytes

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8
Q

Myeloblasts

A

Make WBC (granulocytes)

  • eosinophil
  • neutrophil
  • basophil
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9
Q

What kind of cells are hemocytoblasts

A

Stem cells

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10
Q

What WBC don’t respond to wrights stain and why

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes because they are agranulocytes (don’t have granules)

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11
Q

What do thrombocytes do

A

Help to form blood clots

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12
Q

How do megakaryoblasts form thrombocytes

A

Break off piece of cytoplasm w|o nucleus

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13
Q

Cells that turn red with wrights stains

A

The WBC Eosinophils stained with eosin red acidic dye

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14
Q

Cells that didn’t change color or were both colors from wrights stain

A

WBC Neutrophils

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15
Q

Cells that turned blue with wrights stain

A

WBC Basophils with the methylene blue basic dye

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16
Q

Most common WBC/leukocytes

A

Neutrophil

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17
Q

Are majority of neutrophils banded or segmented

A

Segmented nuclei

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18
Q

Banded neutrophil

A

Curved nucleus

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19
Q

Segmented neutrophil

A

2-5 nuclear lobes

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20
Q

Term to describe neutrophils nuclear shape

A

Polymorphs (nucleus takes many diff shapes)

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21
Q

4 functions of neutrophils

A

Diapedesis
Phagocytes
Lysozyme
Defensins

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22
Q

Where do neutrophils travel

A

Outside of blood through capillary walls

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23
Q

Bulk of cell volume in erythrocytes

A

hemoglobin

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24
Q

Do erythrocytes have a nucleus

A

in bone marrow yet, but once mature not

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25
Q

Function of platelets

A

normal tissue- plug defects in walls of small BV

injured tissues- clot formation and retraction; serotonin which causes constriction of damaged vessels

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26
Q

Order of WBC from most to least common

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophil, basophils

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27
Q

Color/size/lobes of neutrophils with staining

A

relatively light; non staining granules, 2-5 lobes, 2X size RBC

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28
Q

Functions of eosinophils

A

Reg./reduc. of Histamine, reduce harmful effects of allergic reactions, destroy parasites

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29
Q

Functions of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis, inflammatory response, lysozyme, defensins

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30
Q

Color/size/lobes eosinophils

A

red-staining granules, 2 lobes, 2X size RBC same as neutrophils and basophils

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31
Q

Functions of basophils

A

Histamine and Heparin release, possible prevention of blood clotting

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32
Q

Color/size/lobes basophils

A

Large blue-staining granules, 2 lobes concealed, 2X size RBC same as neutrophils and basophils

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33
Q

How common are neutrophils

A

Majority of WBC, 60%

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34
Q

How common are eosinophils

A

1-4% WBC

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35
Q

How common are basophils

A

over 1% WBC

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36
Q

How common are lymphocytes

A

2nd most common 30% WBC

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37
Q

How common are monocytes

A

2-8% Leukocytes

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38
Q

Color/size/lobes lymphocytes

A

Cytoplasm is blue & forms rim around nucleus, 6-9 microns (almost same as RBC), nucleus is slightly indented spherical, LARGE

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39
Q

Functions of lymphocytes

A

(Agranulocyte) Produce antibodies vs. bacteria; destroy virus infected/cancerous cells

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40
Q

Color/size/lobes monocytes

A

(Agranulocyte) Cytoplasm- pale blue, lobes- oval, kidney shaped, horseshoe shaped; 12-20 microns (LARGEST of WBC)

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41
Q

Functions of monocytes

A

Phagocytosis of viruses, bacteria and antigen-antibody complexes; inflammatory response

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42
Q

What’s the largest WBC?

A

Monocytes

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43
Q

What are large lymphocytes and their function?

A

9-15 microns almost same as neutrophils; unknown function, more cytoplasm surrounds nucleus

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44
Q

What two WBC commonly undergo diapedesis?

A

Neutrophils, monocytes, and basophils

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45
Q

Amoeboid

A

very motile

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46
Q

example of WBC thats amoeboid (2)

A

neutrophils and basophils

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47
Q

lysozyme

A

anti-bacterial enzyme (neutrophils)

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48
Q

what WBC has defensins

A

neutrophils

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49
Q

defensins

A

chemicals that defend against bacteria, fungi, and viruses

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50
Q

what WBC releases histamine and heparin

A

basophils

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51
Q

what do basophils resemble

A

mast cells (tissue cells); same thing but in tissue

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52
Q

ECF

A

attracts eosinophils to area

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53
Q

What WBC releases ECF to attract eosinophils to area

A

basophils

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54
Q

Why do basophils release ECF to attract eosinophils to area

A

bc they regulate and neutralize histamine that basophils release

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55
Q

2 incidents in which eosinophils increase in size

A

parasitic infections and allergic reactions

56
Q

WBC only slightly bigger than RBC

A

lymphocyte

57
Q

3 types of lymphocytes

A

T cells, B cells, natural killer

58
Q

T cell lymphocytes

A

control immune system (self vs non self)

59
Q

B cells

A

humoral immunity (make antibodies-plasma cells)

60
Q

Where are all antibodies in body made

A

B cell lymphocytes

61
Q

natural killer cells

A

(lymphocytes) kill viral infected cells

62
Q

largest WBC

A

monocytes (14-19 microns in diameter)

63
Q

what is a monocyte called when it leaves the blood

A

macrophage

64
Q

two types of monocytes

A

fixed or free

65
Q

free monocytes

A

tissue roamers

66
Q

fixed monocytes

A

remain in one place

67
Q

3 places where monocytes are fixed

A

liver (kupffer cells), CT (histiocytes(macrophages of CT),), CNS (microglial cells)

68
Q

histiocytes

A

macrophages (monocyte) of CT

69
Q

microglial cells

A

extremely phagocytic macrophages (monocyte) of CNS

70
Q

What WBC is EXTREMELY phagocytic (avid phagocytes)

A

monocytes

71
Q

what do monocytes secrete

A

chemotactic for fibroblast (fibrin for scar formation) and blood clotting factors

72
Q

What is specifically immuno-signicant about monocytes

A

secrete some complement components

73
Q

do RBC undergo mitosis

A

no bc no nucleus when mature

74
Q

range of RBC in males

A

4.6-6.2 million/ml

75
Q

range of RBC in females

A

4.2-5.4 million/ml

76
Q

what RBC have shorter lifespan (male or female)

A

female; fresher blood

77
Q

takes up a good portion of RBC

A

hemoglobin

78
Q

why is hemoglobin in RBC important

A

carries O2 and CO2 (transport)

79
Q

structure of hemoglobin

A

one globin and 4 heme

80
Q

globin

A

globular protein

81
Q

heme

A

polypeptide chains (multiple amino acids); iron-containing pigment

82
Q

where is iron in RBC

A

in the heme in hemoglobin

83
Q

how does 98% of ALL oxygen arrive in body

A

heme by plasma

84
Q

how many oxygen molecules in hemoglobin

A

each heme has one and 4 heme in hemoglobin so 4 oxygen

85
Q

how much oxygen in ONE RBC

A

1.1 BILLION

86
Q

oxy-hemoglobin

A

oxygen is in heme; O2 is in blood so blood is bright red

87
Q

Deoxy-hemoglobin

A

O2 is not in blood so blood is dark red/bluish

88
Q

is hemoglobin the main way CO2 is transported

A

NO

89
Q

Main way CO2 is transported

A

by attaching to bicarbonate (buffer)}

90
Q

Carbamino-hemoglobin

A

CO2 is bound and on hemoglobin in RBC

91
Q

carbonic anhydrase (optional)

A

enzyme in RBC that helps reaction btwn CO2 and H2O occur faster

92
Q

erythropoiesis

A

making RBC in red bone marrow

93
Q

what happens to our RBC when we are oxygen deficient

A

we make more RBC

94
Q

hemocytoblast

A

stem cell that is SLIGHTLY differentiated (blood cell)

95
Q

steps of formation of RBC from marrow to blood

A

hemocytoblast–> reticulocyte–> RBC

96
Q

reticulocyte

A

cell that is released into blood

97
Q

cell thats released into blood

A

reticulocyte

98
Q

what does it mean it you’re lacking reticulocytes

A

anemia, kidney disease

99
Q

why does low reticulocytes indicate might be kidney disease

A

bc kidney makes urine AND hormone called erythropoietin that tells us to make RBC

100
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone in kidney (also found in liver) that tells us to make RBC

101
Q

what tells us to make RBC

A

hormone called erythropoietin

102
Q

hypoxia

A

when body doesn’t have enough oxygen

103
Q

4 things that can cause hypoxia

A

hemorrhage (uncontrolled bleeding), inadequate breathing, high altitude, anemia

104
Q

2 different ways of production of RBC (specifically due to hypoxia)

A

liver/kidney–> inactive erythropoietin–> erythropoietin–> hemocytoblast–> increase RBC–> increase 02–> negative feedback: kidney

105
Q

4 causes of anemia

A

lack of: iron, amino acids, folic acid, or vitamin B12

106
Q

how would lack of amino acids cause anemia

A

affect globulin formation (globular protein (amino acid))

107
Q

how would lack of iron cause anemia

A

heme formation (iron in heme to carry 02)

108
Q

destruction of RBC

A

hemoglobin–> heme and globin–> heme (porphyrin and iron)

109
Q

2 things that heme gets broken down into

A

porphyrin and iron

110
Q

2 different fates of porphyrin (hemoglobin in RBC–> heme–> porphyrin)

A

either dig tract (sternocolbilin) or go to kidney (urobilin)

111
Q

What is responsible for color of our feces and urine

A

destruction of RBC; hemoglobin–> heme and glob in
heme–> porphyrin and iron
porphyrin–> dig tract (feces=sternocolbin) or kidney (uroblin)

112
Q

two fates of iron

A

binds to transferrin then either goes to red bone marrow to remake heme or goes to liver for storage

113
Q

what happens to globin in the destruction of RBC

A

gets broken down into amino acids, released into blood, and later used for protein synthesis

114
Q

5 types of anemia

A

sickle cell, aplastic, hemolytic, nutritional, pernicious

115
Q

aplastic anemia

A

impaired marrow function

116
Q

pernicious anemia

A

lack of vitamin B12 needed by marrow

117
Q

hemostasis

A

the stopping of bleeding or hemorrhage

118
Q

serum

A

plasma without fibrin; won’t clot

119
Q

prothrombin time

A

lab test that indicates amount of prothrombin in blood which indicates likely SPEED of clotting

120
Q

purpura

A

presence of purplish patches on skin and mucous membranes due to ruptured subcutaneous blood vessels

122
Q

septicemia

A

presence of pathogenic bacteria in blood

123
Q

intrinsic factor

A

made by stomach cells; increases absorption of B-12 in small intestine

124
Q

2 colors poriphyrin can be broken down into

A

biliveroin (green) or bilrubin (red/orange)

125
Q

number one protein in blood

A

albumin

126
Q

albumin

A

number one protein in blood (white); plasma protein

127
Q

what 3 things should NEVER be in urine

A

blood, sugar, or protein

128
Q

why should there never be sugar, blood, or protein in urine

A

kidney problems

129
Q

bile

A

caustic (base) made in liver stored in galbladder

130
Q

malsify fats

A

break does physically into smaller chunks

131
Q

carinogen

A

something that causes cancer (ex: smoking)

132
Q

chemical platelets release to constrict blood vessels

A

serotonin

133
Q

acute

A

really intense

134
Q

chronic

A

long lasting; durable

135
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot

136
Q

blood clot is called

A

thrombus

137
Q

hemophilia

A

lose blood easily

138
Q

occlusion

A

blockage

Anatomy and Physiology II (13 decks)

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