Blood Flashcards
0
Q
WBC aka
A
Leukocytes
1
Q
Red blood cells aka
A
Erythrocytes
2
Q
Platelets aka
A
Thrombocytes
3
Q
Cells that make blood
A
Hemocytoblasts
4
Q
5 hemocytoblasts
A
Megakaryoblasts Lymphoblasts Monoblasts Myeloblasts Rubriblasts
5
Q
Megakaryoblasts
A
Make platelets (thrombocytes) which aren’t cells
6
Q
Lymphoblasts
A
Make WBC lymphocytes
7
Q
Monoblasts
A
Make WBC monocytes
8
Q
Myeloblasts
A
Make WBC (granulocytes)
- eosinophil
- neutrophil
- basophil
9
Q
What kind of cells are hemocytoblasts
A
Stem cells
10
Q
What WBC don’t respond to wrights stain and why
A
Lymphocytes and monocytes because they are agranulocytes (don’t have granules)
11
Q
What do thrombocytes do
A
Help to form blood clots
12
Q
How do megakaryoblasts form thrombocytes
A
Break off piece of cytoplasm w|o nucleus
13
Q
Cells that turn red with wrights stains
A
The WBC Eosinophils stained with eosin red acidic dye
14
Q
Cells that didn’t change color or were both colors from wrights stain
A
WBC Neutrophils
15
Q
Cells that turned blue with wrights stain
A
WBC Basophils with the methylene blue basic dye
16
Q
Most common WBC/leukocytes
A
Neutrophil
17
Q
Are majority of neutrophils banded or segmented
A
Segmented nuclei
18
Q
Banded neutrophil
A
Curved nucleus
19
Q
Segmented neutrophil
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2-5 nuclear lobes
20
Q
Term to describe neutrophils nuclear shape
A
Polymorphs (nucleus takes many diff shapes)
21
Q
4 functions of neutrophils
A
Diapedesis
Phagocytes
Lysozyme
Defensins
22
Q
Where do neutrophils travel
A
Outside of blood through capillary walls
23
Q
Bulk of cell volume in erythrocytes
A
hemoglobin
24
Do erythrocytes have a nucleus
in bone marrow yet, but once mature not
25
Function of platelets
normal tissue- plug defects in walls of small BV
| injured tissues- clot formation and retraction; serotonin which causes constriction of damaged vessels
26
Order of WBC from most to least common
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophil, basophils
27
Color/size/lobes of neutrophils with staining
relatively light; non staining granules, 2-5 lobes, 2X size RBC
28
Functions of eosinophils
Reg./reduc. of Histamine, reduce harmful effects of allergic reactions, destroy parasites
29
Functions of neutrophils
Phagocytosis, inflammatory response, lysozyme, defensins
30
Color/size/lobes eosinophils
red-staining granules, 2 lobes, 2X size RBC same as neutrophils and basophils
31
Functions of basophils
Histamine and Heparin release, possible prevention of blood clotting
32
Color/size/lobes basophils
Large blue-staining granules, 2 lobes concealed, 2X size RBC same as neutrophils and basophils
33
How common are neutrophils
Majority of WBC, 60%
34
How common are eosinophils
1-4% WBC
35
How common are basophils
over 1% WBC
36
How common are lymphocytes
2nd most common 30% WBC
37
How common are monocytes
2-8% Leukocytes
38
Color/size/lobes lymphocytes
Cytoplasm is blue & forms rim around nucleus, 6-9 microns (almost same as RBC), nucleus is slightly indented spherical, LARGE
39
Functions of lymphocytes
(Agranulocyte) Produce antibodies vs. bacteria; destroy virus infected/cancerous cells
40
Color/size/lobes monocytes
(Agranulocyte) Cytoplasm- pale blue, lobes- oval, kidney shaped, horseshoe shaped; 12-20 microns (LARGEST of WBC)
41
Functions of monocytes
Phagocytosis of viruses, bacteria and antigen-antibody complexes; inflammatory response
42
What's the largest WBC?
Monocytes
43
What are large lymphocytes and their function?
9-15 microns almost same as neutrophils; unknown function, more cytoplasm surrounds nucleus
44
What two WBC commonly undergo diapedesis?
Neutrophils, monocytes, and basophils
45
Amoeboid
very motile
46
example of WBC thats amoeboid (2)
neutrophils and basophils
47
lysozyme
anti-bacterial enzyme (neutrophils)
48
what WBC has defensins
neutrophils
49
defensins
chemicals that defend against bacteria, fungi, and viruses
50
what WBC releases histamine and heparin
basophils
51
what do basophils resemble
mast cells (tissue cells); same thing but in tissue
52
ECF
attracts eosinophils to area
53
What WBC releases ECF to attract eosinophils to area
basophils
54
Why do basophils release ECF to attract eosinophils to area
bc they regulate and neutralize histamine that basophils release
55
2 incidents in which eosinophils increase in size
parasitic infections and allergic reactions
56
WBC only slightly bigger than RBC
lymphocyte
57
3 types of lymphocytes
T cells, B cells, natural killer
58
T cell lymphocytes
control immune system (self vs non self)
59
B cells
humoral immunity (make antibodies-plasma cells)
60
Where are all antibodies in body made
B cell lymphocytes
61
natural killer cells
(lymphocytes) kill viral infected cells
62
largest WBC
monocytes (14-19 microns in diameter)
63
what is a monocyte called when it leaves the blood
macrophage
64
two types of monocytes
fixed or free
65
free monocytes
tissue roamers
66
fixed monocytes
remain in one place
67
3 places where monocytes are fixed
liver (kupffer cells), CT (histiocytes(macrophages of CT),), CNS (microglial cells)
68
histiocytes
macrophages (monocyte) of CT
69
microglial cells
extremely phagocytic macrophages (monocyte) of CNS
70
What WBC is EXTREMELY phagocytic (avid phagocytes)
monocytes
71
what do monocytes secrete
chemotactic for fibroblast (fibrin for scar formation) and blood clotting factors
72
What is specifically immuno-signicant about monocytes
secrete some complement components
73
do RBC undergo mitosis
no bc no nucleus when mature
74
range of RBC in males
4.6-6.2 million/ml
75
range of RBC in females
4.2-5.4 million/ml
76
what RBC have shorter lifespan (male or female)
female; fresher blood
77
takes up a good portion of RBC
hemoglobin
78
why is hemoglobin in RBC important
carries O2 and CO2 (transport)
79
structure of hemoglobin
one globin and 4 heme
80
globin
globular protein
81
heme
polypeptide chains (multiple amino acids); iron-containing pigment
82
where is iron in RBC
in the heme in hemoglobin
83
how does 98% of ALL oxygen arrive in body
heme by plasma
84
how many oxygen molecules in hemoglobin
each heme has one and 4 heme in hemoglobin so 4 oxygen
85
how much oxygen in ONE RBC
1.1 BILLION
86
oxy-hemoglobin
oxygen is in heme; O2 is in blood so blood is bright red
87
Deoxy-hemoglobin
O2 is not in blood so blood is dark red/bluish
88
is hemoglobin the main way CO2 is transported
NO
89
Main way CO2 is transported
by attaching to bicarbonate (buffer)}
90
Carbamino-hemoglobin
CO2 is bound and on hemoglobin in RBC
91
carbonic anhydrase (optional)
enzyme in RBC that helps reaction btwn CO2 and H2O occur faster
92
erythropoiesis
making RBC in red bone marrow
93
what happens to our RBC when we are oxygen deficient
we make more RBC
94
hemocytoblast
stem cell that is SLIGHTLY differentiated (blood cell)
95
steps of formation of RBC from marrow to blood
hemocytoblast--> reticulocyte--> RBC
96
reticulocyte
cell that is released into blood
97
cell thats released into blood
reticulocyte
98
what does it mean it you're lacking reticulocytes
anemia, kidney disease
99
why does low reticulocytes indicate might be kidney disease
bc kidney makes urine AND hormone called erythropoietin that tells us to make RBC
100
erythropoietin
hormone in kidney (also found in liver) that tells us to make RBC
101
what tells us to make RBC
hormone called erythropoietin
102
hypoxia
when body doesn't have enough oxygen
103
4 things that can cause hypoxia
hemorrhage (uncontrolled bleeding), inadequate breathing, high altitude, anemia
104
2 different ways of production of RBC (specifically due to hypoxia)
liver/kidney--> inactive erythropoietin--> erythropoietin--> hemocytoblast--> increase RBC--> increase 02--> negative feedback: kidney
105
4 causes of anemia
lack of: iron, amino acids, folic acid, or vitamin B12
106
how would lack of amino acids cause anemia
affect globulin formation (globular protein (amino acid))
107
how would lack of iron cause anemia
heme formation (iron in heme to carry 02)
108
destruction of RBC
hemoglobin--> heme and globin--> heme (porphyrin and iron)
109
2 things that heme gets broken down into
porphyrin and iron
110
2 different fates of porphyrin (hemoglobin in RBC--> heme--> porphyrin)
either dig tract (sternocolbilin) or go to kidney (urobilin)
111
What is responsible for color of our feces and urine
destruction of RBC; hemoglobin--> heme and glob in
heme--> porphyrin and iron
porphyrin--> dig tract (feces=sternocolbin) or kidney (uroblin)
112
two fates of iron
binds to transferrin then either goes to red bone marrow to remake heme or goes to liver for storage
113
what happens to globin in the destruction of RBC
gets broken down into amino acids, released into blood, and later used for protein synthesis
114
5 types of anemia
sickle cell, aplastic, hemolytic, nutritional, pernicious
115
aplastic anemia
impaired marrow function
116
pernicious anemia
lack of vitamin B12 needed by marrow
117
hemostasis
the stopping of bleeding or hemorrhage
118
serum
plasma without fibrin; won't clot
119
prothrombin time
lab test that indicates amount of prothrombin in blood which indicates likely SPEED of clotting
120
purpura
presence of purplish patches on skin and mucous membranes due to ruptured subcutaneous blood vessels
122
septicemia
presence of pathogenic bacteria in blood
123
intrinsic factor
made by stomach cells; increases absorption of B-12 in small intestine
124
2 colors poriphyrin can be broken down into
biliveroin (green) or bilrubin (red/orange)
125
number one protein in blood
albumin
126
albumin
number one protein in blood (white); plasma protein
127
what 3 things should NEVER be in urine
blood, sugar, or protein
128
why should there never be sugar, blood, or protein in urine
kidney problems
129
bile
caustic (base) made in liver stored in galbladder
130
malsify fats
break does physically into smaller chunks
131
carinogen
something that causes cancer (ex: smoking)
132
chemical platelets release to constrict blood vessels
serotonin
133
acute
really intense
134
chronic
long lasting; durable
135
thrombus
blood clot
136
blood clot is called
thrombus
137
hemophilia
lose blood easily
138
occlusion
blockage
