Urinary System Flashcards
Thin, tough layer of dense connective tissue on the surface of the kidney.
Capsule
A layer of adipose tissue that surrounds and cushions each kidney.
Perirenal fat
The large space within the medial part of each kidney that contains renal vessels, nerves, fat, and the renal pelvis and calices.
Renal sinus
An extension of the renal pelvis that collects urine from a renal papilla.
Calyx
The funnel-shaped expanded superior part of the ureter within the renal sinus.
Renal pelvis
The light-colored, granular area of the kidney just inside the capsule.
Cortex
A cone-shaped area that has a broad base next to the renal cortex and a narrow tip called a papilla that projects towards the center of the kidney.
Renal pyramids
The dark region deep to the cortex that consists of all the renal pyramids.
Medulla
Inward extensions of the renal cortex that separate adjacent pyramids.
Renal columns
A vertical cleft in the medial side of each kidney where vessels, ureters, and nerves enter and leave the kidney.
Hilus
Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?
make plasma proteins
Which of the following is FALSE concerning the kidney?
It is completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum.
Transport about ¼ of the heart’s systemic output to the kidneys under resting conditions.
Renal arteries
Located in the renal columns between the medullary pyramids.
Interlobar arteries
Curve over the bases of the medullary pyramids to connect neighboring interlobar arteries.
Arcuate arteries
Small branches from the arcuate arteries that supply the cortical tissue with blood.
Cortical radiate arteries
Small vessel that carries blood to a glomerulus.
Afferent arteriole
The ball of capillaries that forms part of a renal corpuscle.
Glomerulus
Small vessel that carries blood away from a glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries.
Efferent arteriole
A network of capillaries that are closely associated with the convoluted tubules.
Peritubular capillaries
Small vessels that form hairpin loops alongside the nepron loops.
Vasa recta
Vessels that receive blood from the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta.
Cortical radiate veins
Large vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava.
Renal veins
Which vessels are at the boundary between the cortex and medulla?
arcuate arteries
Which vessel connects two different types of capillaries?
efferent arteriole
What type of capillaries are the glomeruli?
fenestrated
Which of these normally has the smaller diameter?
efferent arteriole
Active transport of undesirable molecules from the blood in the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules.
Secretion
Movement of small molecules and water from the blood in the glomerulus into the renal tubules.
Filtration
Recovery of most of the nutrients, water, and essential ions from the filtrate in the renal tubules, which are returned to the blood in the capillaries.
Resorption
The main structural and functional unit of the kidney, which includes the renal corpuscle and renal tubule.
Nephron
The first part of a nephron where filtration occurs; includes the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule.
Renal corpuscle
The portion of a nephron through which filtrate passes after leaving the renal corpuscle.
Renal tubule
The cup-shaped, hollow structure that surrounds the glomerulus; also called a Bowman’s capsule.
Glomerular capsule
The filter that lies between the blood in the glomerulus and the capsular space.
Filtration membrane
A highly coiled tube that carries filtrate from the glomerular capsule to the nepron loop.
Proximal convoluted tubule
The U-shaped tube that connects the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
A highly coiled tube that carries filtrate from the nepron loop to a collecting duct.
Distal convoluted tubule
A tube that receives urine from several nephrons and runs straight through the cortex to the deeper medulla.
Collecting duct (tubule)
Structure composed of a portion of the afferent and efferent arteriole and terminal nepron loop that functions in regulation of blood pressure.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Region of the kidney where the renal corpuscle and convoluted tubules are located.
Cortex
Region of the kidney where the nepron loops and vasa recta are located.
Medulla
Which part of the JG apparatus is in the end of the nepron loop?
macula densa
Which part is in the afferent & efferent arteriole?
granular cells
Which part secretes renin?
granular cells
Which part monitors urine solute concentration?
macula densa
Which tubes carry urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder?
ureters
Which statement is NOT correct about the ureters?
Urine travels to the bladder by gravity alone.
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined with:
transitional epithelium
Transitional epithelium has the ability to:
stretch
The detrusor muscles are part of which structure?
urinary bladder
The triangular region in the posterior wall of the bladder defined by the openings of the ureters and urethra is the:
trigone
The female bladder is ____ to the uterus.
inferior
A full adult bladder can hold about milliliters of urine.
500
The internal urethral sphincter is a thickening of the:
detrusor muscle
Which of the following is under voluntary control since it is made of skeletal muscle?
external urethral sphincter
The female urethra is about inches long.
1.5
The portion of the male urethra closest to the urinary bladder is called the:
prostatic urethra
The middle portion of the male urethra is called the:
membranous urethra
The longest and most distal portion of the male urethra is called the:
spongy urethra
Another term for the process of urination is:
micturition
Contraction of the detrusor muscle is stimulated by the:
parasympathetic system
Infections often caused by entry of bacteria from the external genital area into the urethra; more common in females than males.
Urinary tract infections
Inability to control and voluntarily prevent micturition.
Urinary incontinence
Inability of the bladder to expel its contents; occurs after anesthesia is given or due to enlargement of the prostate.
Urinary retention
An infection of the renal pelvis and calices that spreads to involve the rest of the kidney as well.
Pyelonephritis
Infection of the urinary bladder.
Cystitis
Crystals of calcium, magnesium or uric acid salts that precipitate in the calices or renal pelvis.
Renal calculi
Typically involves neoplasms of the bladder’s lining epithelium; five times more common in men than in women.
Bladder cancer
Cancer of the epithelial cells of the neprons or renal pelvis or calices; twice as common in men as in women.
Kidney cancer
