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Human Anatomy > Bones and Skeletal Tissues > Flashcards

Bones and Skeletal Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Parietal bone

A

flat

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2
Q

Calcaneus

A

short

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3
Q

Humerus

A

long

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4
Q

Coxal (hip) bone

A

irregular

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5
Q

patella

A

short

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6
Q

Sternum

A

flat

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7
Q

Atlas

A

irregular

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8
Q

fibula

A

long

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9
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage that covers the end of one bone where it articulates with another bone.

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10
Q

Spongy bone

A

bone material that consists of a network of trabeculae with much open space.

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11
Q

Compact bone

A

bone material that consists of osteons packed tightly together.

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12
Q

diaphysis

A

the central shaft of a long bone

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13
Q

Medullary cavity

A

the space in the center of the shaft of a long bone

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14
Q

Proximal epiphysis

A

the end of a long bone closest to the attachment point to the trunk.

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15
Q

distal epiphysis

A

the end of a long bone farthest from the attachment point to the trunk.

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16
Q

epiphyseal line

A

the band of compact bone located at the point where the diaphysis and epiphysis meets; site where lengthwise growth occurred during childhood and puberty.

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17
Q

periosteum

A

the membrane located around the outside of a bone.

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18
Q

Endosteum

A

the membrane that lines the medullary cavity and central canals and covers trabeculae.

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19
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

the fatty material that fills the medullary cavity.

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20
Q

lamella

A

a ring of bone within an osteon.

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21
Q

central canal

A

a passageway for blood vessels and nerves.

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22
Q

canaliculus

A

thin tubes in the matrix connecting osteocytes.

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23
Q

osteon

A

a system of concentric rings of bone surrounding a central canal.

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24
Q

lacuna

A

a space occupied by an osteocyte.

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25
Q

osteoblast

A

cell that forms a new bone tissue.

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26
Q

osteoclast

A

cell that breaks down bone tissue

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27
Q

osteocyte

A

cell that maintains existing bone tissue

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28
Q

Skull bones generally form by

A

intramembranous ossification

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29
Q

Long bones generally form by

A

endochondral ossification

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30
Q

Before ossification begins most of a fetus’s bones are originally made of

A

hyaline cartilage

31
Q

During endochondral ossification the first place that bone forms is the

A

periosteal collar around the outside of the diaphysis.

32
Q

Where do secondary ossification centers form?

A

epiphyses

33
Q

What structure allows for further bone growth after birth?

A

epiphyseal plate

34
Q

The chondrocytes undergoing mitosis in the epiphyseal plate are located

A

on the diaphysis side

35
Q

Ossification at the epiphyseal plate occurs:

A

on the diaphysis side

36
Q

once the epiphyseal line ossifies, bones:

A

stop growing in length

37
Q

closure of the epiphyseal plate occurs at about the age of

A

18-21

38
Q

In appositional growth osteoblasts are most active on the

A

outside

39
Q

In appositional growth osteoclasts are most active on the

A

inside

40
Q

True or false: Bone tissue is fairly static and doesn’t grow or change much in adults.

A

False

41
Q

Hematoma formation

A

Step 1: involves formation of a blood clot

42
Q

fibrocartilaginous callus formation

A

Step 2: involves formation of granulation tissue made of collagen and cartilage

43
Q

bony callous formation

A

step 3: involves formation of bony trabeculae by osteoblasts

44
Q

bone remodeling

A

step 4: continues long after cast if removed

45
Q

Which of the following is NOT correct match between a structure and the type of cartilage from which it is made?

A

costal cartilages- fibrocartilage

46
Q

The layer of dense irregular connective tissue around the outside of a cartilage is the

A

perichondrium

47
Q

Growth of cartilage from within through the active secretion of matrix by chondrocytes is

A

interstitial growth

48
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

A

coordination

49
Q

Bones that form in tendons in response to stress are called

A

sesamoid bones

50
Q

Vertebrae are an example of which type of bone?

A

irregular

51
Q

Which type of bone tissue lacks Haversian systems (osteons) and instead has trabeculae?

A

spongy

52
Q

The ends of a long bone are referred to as the:

A

epiphyses

53
Q

Which cells break down the bone matrix?

A

Osteclasts

54
Q

How do bones respond to mechanical stress?

A

bones grow thicker where there is the most stress

55
Q

In compact bone, the matrix is laid down in concentric rings called

A

lamellae

56
Q

The openings in bone tissue which connect two central canals are called

A

Volkmann’s canals

57
Q

Bone matrix is composed of

A

collagen and calcium phosphate salts

58
Q

flat bones like those in the skull are formed by the process of

A

intramembranous ossification

59
Q

When bones develop from hyaline cartilage models in the fetus, which of the following events occurs THIRD?

A

formation of a secondary ossification center

60
Q

Which type of cell is found in large numbers in the periosteum where they aid in appositional growth?

A

osteoblast

61
Q

Which of these is the THIRD step in healing of a bone fracture?

A

formation of a bony callus

62
Q

Spiral

A

Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone.

Common sports fracture

63
Q

Comminuted

A

bone fragments into three or more pieces

Common in the aged (bones more brittle)

64
Q

Depressed

A

Broken bone portion is pressed inward

Typical of skull fractures

65
Q

Compression

A

bone is crushed

Common in porous bones subjected to extreme trauma

66
Q

Epiphyseal

A

Epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate.

67
Q

Greenstick

A

bone breaks incompletely. Only one side of shaft breaks; the other side bends.

Common in children.

68
Q

Rickets

A

“Soft bone” disease in children, in which the leg bones are bowed and there are often malformations of the head and rib cage.

Very common during the Industrial Revolution

69
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Cancer of bone tissue that usually originates in the long bones of the upper or lower limb, but then often metastasizes to the lungs.

70
Q

Osteomalacia

A

A group of disorders in adults in which bones are poorly mineralized, causing the bones to soften and waken.

71
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of the microscopic anatomy of the bony skeleton, so bones become porous and light.

Occurs most often in the elderly. Often results in bone breaks, especially compression fractures of the vertebrae and breaks of the neck of the femur.

72
Q

Paget’s disease

A

Disease in which there is an excessive rate of bone deposition and bone resorption resulting in formation of much immature, woven bone rather than compact bone. Generally occurs after age 40.

73
Q

Rickets and Osteomalacia

A

Caused by inadequate amounts of vitamin D and calcium in the diet; cured by drinking vitamin D- fortified milk and exposure to light.

74
Q

Achondroplasia

A

A congenital defect in cartilage growth and endochondral ossification that results in dwarfism.

Human Anatomy (18 decks)

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