Appendicular Skeleton and Joints Flashcards
Bone of brachium
Humerus
Medial bone of antebrachium.
Scaphoid
Lateral bone of antebrachium.
Radius
Articulates with sternum.
Clavicle
Has glenoid fossa and acromion.
Scapula
Two carpals that articulate with radius.
Scaphoid and Lunate
Metacarpal that connects to little finger.
5th metacarpal
Bone that is absent in the thumb.
Middle phalanx
Bone located deep to fingernail
distal phalanx
Carpal that articulates with metacarpal of the thumb.
Trapezium
Most anterior part of os coxae.
Pubis
Articulates with sacrum.
Ilium
Most inferior part of os coxae.
Ischium
Thigh bone.
Femur
Knee cap
patella
Medial bone of leg.
Tibia
Lateral bone of leg.
Fibula
Tarsal that articulates with tibia.
Talus
Heel bone.
Calcaneus
Bone that is absent in the big toe.
Middle phalanx
How many named bones are there in the entire human skeleton?
206
Since there are 80 axial bones, how many bones are there in the appendicular skeleton?
126
The pollex is the anatomical term for the:
thumb
The hallux is the anatomical term for the:
big toe
Slightly movable joint (general).
amphiarthrosis
Freely movable joint.
Diarthrosis
Immovable joint (general).
Synarthrosis
Example: A tooth in its socket
Gomphosis
Fibrous joints.
Suture, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis
Has a fibrocartilage pad between bones.
Symphysis
Joint between skull bones.
Suture
Bones held together by hyaline cartilage.
Synchondrosis
Bones connected exclusively by ligaments.
Syndesmosis
Cartilaginous joints.
Synchondrosis and Symphysis
Fluid filled space between the ends of two bones in a freely movable joint.
joint cavity
The highly viscous liquid found in the joint cavity.
Synovial fluid
Hyaline cartilage on the ends of articulating bones.
articular cartilage
Two layers surrounding the joint cavity – the outer is fibrous and the inner is the synovial membrane.
articular capsule
Primarily monitor how much the capsule is being stretched.
Nerve fibers
Bandlike regions of fibrous connective tissue that strengthen a joint.
Reinforcing ligaments
Flattened sacs containing synovial fluid that are common where joint structures might rub together.
Bursa
An elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon that is subjected to friction.
Tendon sheath
Pads of fibrocartilage separating the articular surfaces in a joint; occur in the knee and jaw.
Meniscus
The primary factors influencing the stability of a particular joint are:
Shape and size of the articulating surfaces
The tone of muscles whose tendons cross the joint
The number and strength of ligaments
Which factor is especially important in stabilizing the shoulder and knee joints and the arches of the foot?
The tone of muscles whose tendons cross the joint
One flat, or nearly flat, bone surface glides or slips over another.
Examples: Movement between carpal and tarsal bones
gliding
A bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together.
Examples: Bending of the head or trunk forward, or the knee to angled position.
Lifting the arm anteriorly from the shoulder.
flexion
Movement that increases the angle between the articulating bones.
Examples: Straightening a flexed neck, trunk, elbow of knee. Moving the arm to a position posterior to the shoulder joint.
extension
Movement of the trunk or head behind the vertical plane of the body.
hyperextension
Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.
Examples: Lowering an adducted arm or thigh; bringing the fingers together.
adduction
Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.
Examples: Raising the arm or thigh laterally; spreading the fingers or toes.
abduction
Turning of a bone around its own long axis.
Examples: Shaking the head; twisting the upper arm or thigh.
rotation
Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space, with the distal end moving in a circle and the proximal end stationary.
Examples: A pitcher winding up the throwing arm.
circumduction
Rotating the forearm laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly or superiorly.
Examples: Turning the palm up to have something placed in it.
supination
Rotating the forearm medially so that the palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly.
Examples: Turning the palm down to dribble a ball.
pronation
Lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin.
dorsiflexion
Pointing the toes.
plantar flexion
Turning the sole of the foot laterally.
eversion
Turning the sole of the foot medially.
inversion
Moving the mandible forward so the lower teeth are in front of the upper teeth.
protraction
Moving the mandible backward so that the upper and lower molars align.
retraction
Moving an elevated part inferiorly, as when your jaw opens.
depression
Moving an elevated part superiorly, as when your jaw closes.
elevation
Touching of the thumb to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand.
opposition
A biaxial joint in which an oval convex end of one bone fits into an oval depression on another.
condyloid joints
A uniaxial joint where concave and convex surfaces form a joint that allows bending.
hinge joints
A spherical end of one bone fits into a concave depression on another, allowing for multiaxial motion.
ball-and-socket joints
A nonaxial joint in which the bones have flat surfaces that allow a sliding movement.
plane joints
A uniaxial joint in which a projection on one bone fits into a depression on another, allowing rotation.
pivot joints
A biaxial joint that is found where the first metacarpal articulates with the trapezium.
saddle joints
The joint between the humerus and scapula.
ball-and-socket
The joints between the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges.
condyloid joints
The joints between the wrist bones.
plane joints
The joint between the atlas and axis.
pivot joints
The joint between the humerus and the ulna.
hinge joints
Impairment of the median nerve that often occurs due to repetitive flexing of the hands and wrist.
carpel tunnel syndrome
A fracture of the neck of the femur, which is often caused by osteoporosis in the elderly.
hip fracture
Because of the bone’s curvature, this type of fracture usually results in the bone breaking outward rather than damaging the important blood vessels that lie deep to it.
clavicular fracture
Birth defect in which the either the acetabulum fails to form completely of the ligaments of the hip joint are loose, causing the head of the femur to slip out of its socket.
hip dysplasia
A break usually caused by falling on an outstretched hand in which the distal end of the radius is forced proximally into the shaft of the radius.
colles’ fracture
A fracture that is often caused by repetitive stress on the foot or increasing running mileage too fast.
metatarsal stress fracture
A birth defect in which the soles of the feet turn medially and the toes point inferiorly.
clubfoot
This type of fracture very often involves the medial and lateral malleoli rather than the tarsal bones.
ankle fractures
After dislocation of the jaw and shoulder, this is the most common type of dislocation
elbow dislocation
A knee injury that often results either from a lateral blow or from stopping and changing direction quickly.
ACL injuries
A dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint, often resulting from falling onto an outstretched hand.
shoulder separation
Generally involves the head of the humerus moving forward and downwards.
shoulder dislocation
Conditions involving pain in the ear and face, tenderness of the jaw muscles, and popping or clicking noises when the mouth opens, usually caused by painful spasms of the chewing muscles.
TMJ disorders
Usually caused by either excessive inversion or extreme dorsiflexion or rotation of the foot.
ankle sprains
A condition in which the head of the radius is pulled away from the anular ligament, often caused by pulling on the forearm of a young child.
nursemaid’s elbow
Procedure in which a patient’s own chondrocytes are cultured in the lab and then grafted onto joint surfaces in order to repair damaged cartilage.
autologous cartilage implantation
Often involves damage to a meniscus.
torn cartilage
Inflammation of a fluid-filled sac, like those located at the elbow and knee.
bursitis
Any one of many inflammatory or degenerative diseases of a joint.
arthritis
Inflammation of a tendon sheath.
tendonitis
Condition in which the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn.
sprains
An inflammatory disease caused by bacterial organisms transmitted by the bites of deer ticks.
lyme disease
Condition in which the bones of a joint are forced out of alignment.
dislocations
Extreme joint pain caused by precipitation of uric acid crystals in the synovial membranes.
gouty arthritis
A chronic inflammatory disorder caused by an autoimmune response against the molecules present in joints.
rheumatoid arthritis
The most common type of arthritis, usually caused by wear and tear on the joints with age.
osteoartritis
