Urinary System Flashcards
What happens after hypothalamic cells release vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in response to decreased blood volume?
The kidneys reabsorb more water.
Vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone, stimulates its target cells in the kidney to reabsorb more water.
________ hormone causes the kidneys to retain water
Antidiuretic
Why does urination increase at high altitudes?
Increased urination reduces plasma volume and allows for the red blood cells to make up a great composition of the blood helping to transport oxygen
When would ketone bodies be used as fuel for the body?
In a state of starvation
True or false: Relaxing at home and consuming plenty of water would most likely produce clear urine?
True
True or false: Urobilinogen is a product of hemoglobin breakdown and is excreted in the urine.
True
What is responsible for the majority of the color of urine?
urochrome
True or false: The presence of glucose in urine is not an indicator of diabetes mellitus
False
Why does the presence of nitrites in the urine potentially indicate an infection?
Bacteria metabolize nitrate to produce nitrite so nitrite in the urine may indicate the presence of bacteria
The urinary bladder would be classified as a(n) ________ because it consists of multiple tissue types working together to perform a specific function.
organ
The kidneys are not part of the digestive system and are found behind the peritoneum. Which of the following accurately describes their location?
Retroperitoneal
Peristalsis is an example of which of the digestive processes?
Propulsion
Peristalsis propels food through the digestive tract.
The glomeruli can create 200 liters of filtrate a day, but less than two liters may be excreted as urine. What does that tell you about the kidneys?
The kidneys reabsorbs (takes back) most of what is filtered
What type of muscle has no striations and it is present in the walls of hollow organs like the urinary bladder, uterus, stomach, intestines, in the walls of passageways, such as the arteries and veins, and in the eyes?
smooth
What structure allows individuals to override the micturition reflex, delaying voiding of the bladder?
the external urinary sphincter
This ability is not present in infants, but develops in younger children.
Which structure of the urinary system drains the calyces of the kidney and is lined by transitional epithelium?
The ureters drain the kidneys. They have transitional epithelium and also have a layer of smooth muscle to enable peristalsis of urine into the bladder.
Which of the following is the correct sequence urine would follow to pass through the male urethra?
A) Membranous urethra, spongy or penile urethra, preprostatic urethra, and the prostatic urethra.
B) Spongy or penile urethra, membranous urethra, preprostatic urethra, and the prostatic urethra.
C) Preprostatic urethra, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and the spongy or penile urethra.
D) Preprostatic urethra, prostatic urethra, spongy or penile urethra, and the membranous urethra.
C) Preprostatic urethra, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and the spongy or penile urethra.
What portion of the nervous system would lead to contraction of the detrusor muscle and micturition?
Parasympathetic nervous system.
Where would transitional epithelium be found in the urinary system?
The bladder
The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?
kidneys
What is generally excluded when the glomeruli filter blood?
Large elements such as red blood cells.
Which of these structures is responsible for recovering filtered solutes and water, and returning them to circulation?
the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta of the medulla
Blood exits these through the interlobular veins, eventually returning to circulation.
The functional unit of the kidney is called________
the nephron
Why is the right kidney lower than the left kidney?
The right kidney is displaced by the liver
The renal papillae transport urine where?
To the calyces
Which of the following is not found in the hilum?
The afferent arterioles; they supply blood to the glomeruli and are found in the renal cortex
The end result of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is to ________.
increase blood pressure
This hormone is secreted from the adrenal glands with the purpose of increasing blood volume and blood pressure:
Aldosterone
The kidneys produce the hormone ________ to stimulate red blood cell production
erythropoietin
What are the structures in the glomerular capillaries that align with spaces formed by podocytes in the renal capsule?
fenestrae
These align with filtration slits to allow the passage of material into the Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule
What structure of the nephron immediately follows the Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule?
proximal convoluted tubule
Filtrate then passes to the loop of Henle, then the distal convoluted tubule.
The primary structure found within the medulla is the ________
loop of Henle
Most absorption and secretion occurs in this part of the nephron:
the proximal convoluted tubule
What is not a function of the nephron?
Regulation of blood temperature
When venous blood pools in the lower limbs and leaks into surrounding tissue this condition is called _____
edema
When venous blood pools in the lower limbs and leaks into surrounding tissue this condition is called edema.
Hydrostatic pressure is ________.
the pressure exerted by fluid in an enclosed space
Which part of the nephron is responsible for filtration of the blood?
The glomerulus
Which is not one of the three principal functions of a nephron?
A) Reabsorption
B) Secretion
C) Deposition
D) Filtration
C) Deposition
Which glomerular filtration rate (GFR) lies within the average GFR range for either a man or woman?
A) 55mL filtrate per minute
B) 110mL filtrate per minute
C) 200mL filtrate per minute
D) 500mL filtrate per minute
B) 110mL filtrate per minute
Men have a range of 90-140mL/min, while women are 80-125mL/min.
What pressure drives the movement of substances from inside the glomerular capillary to the Bowman’s space?
Blood hydrostatic pressure
A loss of proteins from the blood lowers osmotic pressure and can result in what occurring?
Systemic Edema
A lack of plasma proteins results in fluid leaving at the capillaries leading to edema
Calculate Net Filtration Pressure from the following values:
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure – 50mm Hg
Capsular hydrostatic pressure – 12mm Hg
Blood colloid osmotic pressure – 25mm Hg
13mm Hg
How can glomerular filtration rate (GFR) be estimated without the administration of inulin?
GFR can be estimated by measuring creatinine
Where is the temporalis muscle located?
on the side of the head
Filtrate formed at the glomerulus is passed on to what nephron tubule first?
The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).
Why would the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) need a large number of mitochondria?
The mitochondria supply energy to pump ions against their concentration gradient.
A skydiver steps out the hatch of a plane. Considering that air resistance will have a significant effect on the skydiver’s motion, which graphs of his motion with respect to his starting point will have positive slopes?
Magnitude of acceleration versus time.
Magnitude of velocity versus time.
Magnitude of displacement versus time.
Magnitude of velocity versus time and magnitude of displacement versus time.
Both the velocity-time and displacement-time graphs have positive slopes.
The Na+/K+ ATPases uses ATP to pump sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. What type of transport is occurring?
Active transport
Which situation would result in glycosuria?
A high blood glucose such as in diabetes mellitus
Aside from allowing for the excretion of nitrogenous waste, what else is urea used for?
Recovery of water by the loop of Henle and collecting duct.
When would aquaporins be inserted into the apical membrane of principal cells?
When blood osmolarity is high.
Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located?
directly outside Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule and the glomerulus
In the myogenic response, ________
vascular smooth muscle responds to stretch
What happens to glomerular filtration rate when the juxtaglomerular cells contract?
Contraction of the juxtaglomerular cells restricts blood flow to the glomerulus which decreases GFR.
How can the kidneys maintain glomerular filtration rate despite an increase in systemic blood pressure?
Constrict the afferent arteriole
Why is maintenance of blood flow to the kidney important?
Blood flow allows for sufficient filtration to produce urine and to maintain the composition of the blood
What happens to blood flow to the kidneys with increased sympathetic stimulation?
Vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow
Which of the following helps the kidney to regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) despite changes in blood pressure?
Both the arteriole myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback.
What happens in response to excess fluid and sodium passing through the nephron?
The macula densa releases ATP and adenosine that leads to constriction of the afferent arteriole
If nitric oxide (NO) increases what effect would this have on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and tubular NaCl?
GFR and tubular NaCl would be expected to increase
An abrupt drop in blood calcium levels stimulates the release of what hormone?
parathyroid hormone
The kidneys work with the _____, liver and lungs in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to regulate blood pressure.
The adrenal cortex; it is needed when RAA pathway is activated.
How would a diuretic help to treat hypertension?
A diuretic would decrease blood volume
What is the action of renin?
Renin cleaves angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.
What hormone is released in response to low blood Ca+2
levels but also increases phosphate release into the urine?
parathyroid hormone
What leads to the release of renin from the kidneys?
Prostaglandins and NO
How can Angiotensin II decrease both glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow?
Angiotensin II constricts both the afferent and efferent arterioles
What about the kidney helps antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin to recover water?
The high osmotic environment in the renal medulla
What effect does endothelin have on vasculature?
Endothelin is a potent vasoconstrictor
What happens after hypothalamic cells release vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in response to decreased blood volume?
The kidneys reabsorb more water.
Vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone, stimulates its target cells in the kidney to reabsorb more water.
Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance?
antidiuretic hormone
True or false: As blood volume decreases, blood pressure and blood flow also decrease
True
Why does atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) lead to water loss?
ANH leads to sodium loss and water follows the sodium. Also, ANH inhibits vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone
Which of the following arteries would be the most likely location for the pressure sensors (baroreceptors) in order to regulate blood supply to the entire brain?
Common carotid
When forming urine, the nephron tubules have different permeability to water in different sections. Why?
to adjust for the body’s immediate water needs
The different section of the nephron tubules can increase or decrease water reabsorption, based on the body’s immediate water needs.
Does milk have a diuretic effect?
No
How does the body lose water?
Respiration, evaporation, and urination
Where can the body sense blood pressure?
Cardiomyocytes of the atria, Granular cells in the afferent arteriole, and Baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid sinuses
What buffers the H+ in urine?
Ammonia, bicarbonate, and H2PO4-
Which of the following statements about erythropoietin is true?
It facilitates the proliferation and differentiation of the erythrocyte lineage
Rickets results in improper bone development in children that arises from the malabsorption of calcium and a deficiency in ________
Vitamin D
What hormone directly opposes the actions of natriuretic hormones?
aldosterone
Severe dehydration from lack of water intake or excess water loss through diarrhea will lead to what state?
Hyperosmolarity
Anemia can be associated with renal failure. What is the most likely cause of this condition?
A loss of EPO can lead to anemia, as EPO directs the production of red blood cells.
Which step in vitamin D production does the kidney perform?
converts calcidiol into calcitriol
How do the liver and the kidneys coordinate to regulate blood pressure?
The liver produces angiotensinogen which the kidney can cleave by producing the enzyme renin.
What may be a consequence of a change in pH from kidney malfunction?
Enzymes will not function, or not function effectively
