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Applied Human Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise and Wellness I (EXSC-1310-400) > Cellular Metabolism and Cells > Flashcards

Cellular Metabolism and Cells Flashcards

1
Q

A molecule of fat consists of ___ and fatty acids.
A) Amino acids
B) Glucose
C) Glycerol
D) Guanine

A

C) Glycerol

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2
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________.

A) Is the result of catabolism
B) Releases energy in uncontrolled bursts
C) Stores energy for use by body cells
D) All of the above

A

C) Stores energy for use by body cells

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3
Q

A phospholipid ________.
A) Has both polar and nonpolar regions
B) Is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group
C) Is a building block of ATP
D) Can donate both cations and anions in solution

A

A) Has both polar and nonpolar regions

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4
Q

Which type of lipid is always partially hydrophilic?
A) Steroids
B) Phospholipid
C) Polypeptide
D) Triglycerides

A

B) Phospholipid

Phospholipids are amphipathic—both hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Their hydrophobic regions are larger than their hydrophilic regions, though.

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5
Q

Define a hydrophilic molecule

A

A hydrophilic molecule (or region of a molecule) is one that is attracted to water.

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6
Q

Define a hydrophobic molecule

A

A hydrophobic molecule (or region of a molecule) repels and is repelled by water.

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7
Q

Define a amphipathic molecule

A

An amphipathic molecule is one that contains both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region.

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8
Q

Define Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF) is the fluid interior of the cell.

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9
Q

Define Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF) is the fluid environment outside the enclosure of the cell membrane.

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10
Q

Define Interstitial fluid (IF)

A

Interstitial fluid (IF) is the term given to extracellular fluid not contained within blood vessels.

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11
Q

What is integral protein?

A

An integral protein is a protein that is embedded in the membrane.

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12
Q

What is a channel protein?

A

A channel protein is an example of an integral protein that selectively allows particular materials, such as certain ions, to pass into or out of the cell.

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13
Q

What is a receptor?

A

A receptor is a type of recognition protein that can selectively bind a specific molecule outside the cell, and this binding induces a chemical reaction within the cell.

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14
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A ligand is the specific molecule that binds to and activates a receptor.

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15
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

A

A glycoprotein is a protein that has carbohydrate molecules attached, which extend into the extracellular matrix.

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16
Q

What is a glycocalyx?

A

The glycocalyx is a fuzzy-appearing coating around the cell formed from glycoproteins and other carbohydrates attached to the cell membrane.

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17
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Peripheral proteins are typically found on the inner or outer surface of the lipid bilayer but can also be attached to the internal or external surface of an integral protein.

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18
Q

What does it mean when a membrane has selective permeability?

A

A membrane that has selective permeability allows only substances meeting certain criteria to pass through it unaided.

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19
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Passive transport is the movement of substances across the membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy.

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20
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport is the movement of substances across the membrane using energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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21
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

A concentration gradient is the difference in concentration of a substance across a space. Molecules

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22
Q

Define diffusion

A

Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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23
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Facilitated diffusion is the diffusion process used for those substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer due to their size, charge, and/or polarity

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24
Q

Define osmosis

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

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25
Q

What does it mean when something is isotonic?

A

Two solutions that have the same concentration of solutes are said to be isotonic (equal tension).

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26
Q

What does it mean when something is hypertonic?

A

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution is said to be hypertonic, and water molecules tend to diffuse into a hypertonic solution

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27
Q

What does it mean when something is hypotonic?

A

Cells in a hypertonic solution will shrivel as water leaves the cell via osmosis. In contrast, a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution is said to be hypotonic, and water molecules tend to diffuse out of a hypotonic solution.

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28
Q

What is the sodium potassium pump?

A

The sodium-potassium pump, which is also called Na+/K+ ATPase, transports sodium out of a cell while moving potassium into the cell.

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29
Q

What is an electrical gradient?

A

An electrical gradient is a difference in electrical charge across a space.

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30
Q

Define endocytosis

A

Endocytosis (bringing “into the cell”) is the process of a cell ingesting material by enveloping it in a portion of its cell membrane, and then pinching off that portion of membrane

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31
Q

Define vesicle

A

A vesicle is a membranous sac—a spherical and hollow organelle bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane.

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32
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

Phagocytosis (“cell eating”) is the endocytosis of large particles.

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33
Q

Define pinocytosis

A

In contrast to phagocytosis, pinocytosis (“cell drinking”) brings fluid containing dissolved substances into a cell through membrane vesicles.

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34
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is endocytosis by a portion of the cell membrane that contains many receptors that are specific for a certain substance.

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35
Q

Define exocytosis

A

In contrast with endocytosis, exocytosis (taking “out of the cell”) is the process of a cell exporting material using vesicular transport

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36
Q

Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ________.
A) Receptor proteins
B) Integral proteins
C) Peripheral proteins
D) Glycoproteins

A

B) Integral proteins

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37
Q

To form a bilayer within the plasma membrane, the hydrophilic heads interact with ________ while the hydrophobic tails interact with ________.
A) Intra- and Extracellular fluid; each other
B) Extracellular fluid; Intracellular fluid
C) Proteins; Carbohydrates
D) Each other; Intra- and Extracellular fluid

A

A) Intra- and Extracellular fluid; each other

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38
Q

Placing a cell into a hypotonic solution will cause water to:
A) Leave the cell
B) Enter the cell
C) Flow against its concentration gradient
D) Enter the cell and leave the cell at the same rate

A

B) Enter the cell

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39
Q

A macrophage is a type of immune cell that is responsible for detecting, engulfing and destroying pathogens found roaming around the body. Which vesicular transport mechanism would a macrophage use to accomplish its task?
A) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
B) Pinocytosis
C) Phagocytosis
D) Exocytosis

A

C) Phagocytosis

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40
Q

________ transport uses energy to move a substance across the cell membrane, while ________ transport does not use energy from the cell.
A) Passive, active
B) Active, endocytosis
C) Active; passive

A

C) Active; passive

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41
Q

Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins?
A) Phosphate
B) Adenine
C) Amino
D) Hydroxyl

A

C) Amino

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42
Q

Which type of molecule makes up the majority of the cell membrane?
A) Cholesterol
B) Membrane proteins
C) Phospholipids
D) Glycolipids

A

C) Phospholipids

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43
Q

Define Cytosol

A

Cytosol, the jelly-like substance within the cell, provides the fluid medium necessary for biochemical reactions.

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44
Q

What is an organelle?

A

An organelle (“little organ”) is one of several different types of membrane-enclosed bodies in the cell, each performing a unique function.

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45
Q

What composes the cytoplasm?

A

The organelles and cytosol, taken together, compose the cell’s cytoplasm.

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46
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The nucleus is a cell’s central organelle, which contains the cell’s DNA

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47
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a system of channels that is continuous with the nuclear membrane (or “envelope”) covering the nucleus and composed of the same lipid bilayer material.

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48
Q

Define ribosome

A

A ribosome is an organelle that serves as the site of protein synthesis.

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49
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for sorting, modifying, and shipping off the products that come from the rough ER, much like a post-office.

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50
Q

What is the lysosome?

A

A lysosome is an organelle that contains enzymes that break down and digest unneeded cellular components, such as a damaged organelle.

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51
Q

Define Autophagy

A

Autophagy (“self-eating”) is the process of a cell digesting its own structures.

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52
Q

Define autolysis

A

This “self-destruct” mechanism is called autolysis, and makes the process of cell death controlled (a mechanism called “apoptosis”).

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53
Q

What is the mitochondrion?

A

A mitochondrion (plural = mitochondria) is a membranous, bean-shaped organelle that is the “energy transformer” of the cell.

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54
Q

What is a peroxisome?

A

Like lysosomes, a peroxisome is a membrane-bound cellular organelle that contains mostly enzymes

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55
Q

What is Reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

A

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as peroxides and free radicals are the highly reactive products of many normal cellular processes, including the mitochondrial reactions that produce ATP and oxygen metabolism.

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56
Q

What is an example of Reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

A

Examples of ROS include the hydroxyl radical OH, H2O2, and superoxide ( O−2)

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57
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell’s DNA, potentially altering the protein coded by that gene.

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58
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

The cytoskeleton is a group of fibrous proteins that provide structural support for cells, but this is only one of the functions of the cytoskeleton.

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59
Q

What is a microtubule?

A

The thickest of the three is the microtubule, a structural filament composed of subunits of a protein called tubulin.

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60
Q

What are the three kinds of protein based filaments that make the complex threadlike network thought the body of the cell?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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61
Q

Microtubules also make up two types of cellular appendages important for motion. What are they?

A

Cilia and flagella

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62
Q

What is cilia?

A

Cilia are found on many cells of the body, including the epithelial cells that line the airways of the respiratory system.

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63
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

A flagellum (plural = flagella) is an appendage larger than a cilium and specialized for cell locomotion.

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64
Q

What is a centriole?

A

A centriole can serve as the cellular origin point for microtubules extending outward as cilia or flagella or can assist with the separation of DNA during cell division.

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65
Q

What is the microfilament?

A

In contrast with microtubules, the microfilament is a thinner type of cytoskeletal filament

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66
Q

What is an intermediate filament?

A

As its name would suggest, an intermediate filament is a filament intermediate in thickness between the microtubules and microfilaments

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67
Q

All the following are functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum EXCEPT:
A) Lipid synthesis
B) Detoxification
C) Ca2+ storage
D) Protein synthesis

A

D) Protein synthesis

Protein synthesis occurs at ribosomes, which may be free or part of the rough ER.

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68
Q

The ________ is considered the “post office” of the cell because its job is to sort and package products from the Rough ER into vesicles and deliver the products to their correct location within the cell.
A) Ribosome
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Smooth ER
D) Mitochondria

A

B) Golgi apparatus

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69
Q

Which cell type is likely to contain the most mitochondria?
A) Red blood cell
B) Bone cell
C) Liver cell
D) Muscle cell

A

D) Muscle cell

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70
Q

The liver is primarily responsible for detoxifying the blood before it travels throughout the body. Therefore, you would expect liver cells to contain an exceptionally high number of:
A) Peroxisomes
B) Nucleoli
C) Ribosomes
D) Mitochondria

A

A) Peroxisomes

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71
Q

The cells lining the airways of the respiratory system secrete mucus to trap particles from incoming air, and also contain cellular extensions that beat rhythmically to push the mucus upwards towards the throat so that it can be coughed out. Which type of cellular extensions are described here?
A) Microfilaments
B) Cilia
C) Microvilli
D) Flagella

A

B) Cilia

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72
Q

The glycocalyces on a person’s cell membrane are _______.
A) Genetically unique
B) Found on the inside of the plasma membrane
C) Protein channels
D) Important to the hydrophobic head portions of the membrane

A

A) Genetically unique

They are a part of a person’s genetic make up.

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73
Q

A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule?
A) Polysaccharides
B) Nucleic acids
C) Phosphorylated glucose
D) Glycogen

A

B) Nucleic acids

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74
Q

In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________.
A) Beta chain
B) Pleated sheet
C) Alpha helix
D) Double helix

A

D) Double helix

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75
Q

The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features?
A) protein-lined membrane pores
B) a double cell membrane
C) the synthesis of ribosomes
D) the production of cellular energy

A

B) a double cell membrane

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76
Q

Phospholipids are considered ________ because they contain both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region within the same molecule.
A) hydrophobic
B) hydrophilic
C) amphipathic

A

C) amphipathic

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77
Q

What is a nuclear envelope?

A

Like most other cellular organelles, the nucleus is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope. This membranous covering consists of two adjacent lipid bilayers with a thin fluid space in between them.

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78
Q

What is a nuclear pore?

A

A nuclear pore is a tiny passageway for the passage of proteins, RNA, and solutes between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

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79
Q

What is a nucleolus?

A

There also can be a dark-staining mass often visible under a simple light microscope, called a nucleolus (plural = nucleoli).

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80
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

Within the nucleus are threads of chromatin composed of DNA and associated proteins

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81
Q

What is histone?

A

Along the chromatin threads, the DNA is wrapped around a set of histone proteins.

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82
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

A nucleosome is a single, wrapped DNA-histone complex.

83
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

The chromosome is composed of DNA and proteins; it is the condensed form of chromatin.

It is estimated that humans have almost 22,000 genes distributed on 46 chromosomes.

84
Q

What are the four DNA bases?

A

The four DNA bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

85
Q

If one DNA strand has a region with the sequence AGTGCCT, what would the complementary strand be?

A

If one strand has a region with the sequence AGTGCCT, then the sequence of the complementary strand would be TCACGGA.

86
Q

Define DNA replication

A

DNA replication is the copying of DNA that occurs before cell division can take place.

87
Q

What does helicase do?

A

Special enzymes, including helicase, untwist and separate the two strands of DNA.

88
Q

Define DNA polymerase

A

DNA polymerase brings in the correct bases to complement the template strand, synthesizing a new strand base by base.

89
Q

What are the steps of DNA replication?

A

1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination

90
Q

Define genome

A

Genome, the entire complement of an organism’s DNA, is replicated.

91
Q

Which of the following sequences on a DNA molecule would be complementary to GCTTATAT?

TAGGCGCG

ATCCGCGC

CGAATATA

TGCCTCTC

A

CGAATATA

92
Q

Place the following structures in order from least to most complex organization: chromatin, nucleosome, DNA, chromosome

A) DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome

B) nucleosome, DNA, chromosome, chromatin

C) DNA, chromatin, nucleosome, chromosome

D) nucleosome, chromatin, DNA, chromosome

A

A) DNA, nucleosome, chromatin, chromosome

93
Q

Most cells within the body only contain one nucleus. Some exceptions to this rule are ________ cells which are multinucleate, and ________ cells which are anucleate.

A) Bone, sperm

B) Muscle, red blood

C) Liver, white blood

D) Nerve, skin

A

B) Muscle, red blood

94
Q

The purpose of DNA replication is to:

A) Create a new DNA molecule to replace the old DNA molecule that must be broken down.

B) Create two identical copies of DNA, so that one copy may be passed on to each daughter cell during the process of cell division.

C) Create a new DNA molecule that is small enough to be able to leave the nucleus.

D) Create two identical copies of DNA, so that twice as many proteins can be made within the cell.

A

B) Create two identical copies of DNA, so that one copy may be passed on to each daughter cell during the process of cell division.

95
Q

In the process of DNA replication, ________ synthesizes a new strand of DNA by bringing in the correct bases to complement the template strand of the DNA.

A) DNA polymerase

B) RNA polymerase

C) Ligase

D) Helicase

A

A) DNA polymerase

96
Q

Which of the following can be found inside the nucleus?

A) Golgi apparatus

B) nucleolus

C) endoplasmic reticulum

D) peroxisome

A

B) nucleolus

This is a structure inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made.

97
Q

The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures?

A) Golgi apparatus

B) ribosomes

C) lysosomes

D) proteins

A

B) ribosomes

98
Q

Which of the following structures could be found within the nucleolus?

A) chromatin

B) histones

C) ribosomes

D) nucleosomes

A

C) ribosomes

99
Q

If one strand of DNA has a region with the sequence AGTGCCT, then the sequence of the complementary DNA strand would be:

TCCGTGA

UCCGUGA

UCACGGA

TCACGGA

A

TCACGGA

100
Q

A(n) ________ is a functional segment of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build one protein.

A) Codon

B) Chromosome

C) Gene

D) Amino acid

A

C) Gene

101
Q

Define proteome

A

A cell’s proteome is its full complement of proteins.

102
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a functional segment of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein.

103
Q

What is gene expression?

A

Gene expression, which transforms the information coded in a gene to a final gene product, ultimately dictates the structure and function of a cell by determining which proteins are made.

104
Q

What is a triplet?

A

A triplet is a section of three DNA bases in a row that codes for a specific amino acid.

105
Q

What is Messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single-stranded nucleic acid that carries a copy of the genetic code for a single gene out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm where it is used to produce proteins.

106
Q

What is transcription?

A

Transcription is the synthesis of a strand of mRNA that is complementary to the gene of interest.

107
Q

What process does gene expression begin with?

A

Transcription

108
Q

Define codon

A

A codon is a three-base sequence of mRNA, so-called because they directly encode amino acids.

109
Q

Define promoter

A

Promoter is a particular sequence of nucleotides—triggers the start of transcription

110
Q

What is RNA polymerase?

A

RNA polymerase is an enzyme that adds new nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA.

111
Q

What is splicing?

A

Splicing removes these non-coding regions from the pre-mRNA transcript

112
Q

What is a spliceosome?

A

A spliceosome—a structure composed of various proteins and other molecules—attaches to the mRNA and “splices” or cuts out the non-coding regions.

113
Q

What is an intron?

A

The removed segment of the transcript is called an intron

114
Q

What is an exon?

A

An exon is a segment of RNA that remains after splicing.

115
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

Translation is the process of synthesizing a chain of amino acids called a polypeptide

116
Q

What process is translation?

A

Translation is the process of synthesizing a chain of amino acids called a polypeptide

117
Q

What two major aids does translation require?

A

Translation requires two major aids: first, a “translator,” the molecule that will conduct the translation, and second, a substrate on which the mRNA strand is translated into a new protein, like the translator’s “desk.”

118
Q

What is Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that, together with proteins, composes the structure of the ribosome.

119
Q

What is Transfer RNA (tRNA)?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a type of RNA that ferries the appropriate corresponding amino acids to the ribosome, and attaches each new amino acid to the last, building the polypeptide chain one-by-one.

120
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

This sequence of three bases on the tRNA molecule is called an anticodon

121
Q

What is a polyribosome?

A

A polyribosome is a string of ribosomes translating a single mRNA strand.

122
Q

Transcription and translation take place in the ________ and ________, respectively.

A) nucleus; cytoplasm

B) nucleolus; nucleus

C) nucleolus; cytoplasm

D) cytoplasm; nucleus

A

A) nucleus; cytoplasm

123
Q

Imagine you are RNA polymerase, and you are about to transcribe a gene containing the sequence ATCGAT. What would the sequence of the resulting molecule be?

TAGCTA

AUCGAU

UAGCUA

ATCGAT

A

UAGCUA

RNA would not contain the T. It is replaced by uracil (U).

124
Q

True or false: RNA has Thymine

A

False. Thymine is replaced by Uracil in RNA

125
Q

What happens to a newly transcribed mRNA molecule before it leaves the nucleus?

A) Introns are removed as exons are spliced together

B) Exons are removed, introns are connected together

C) Nothing, the mRNA is ready to leave the nucleus immediately

D) Stop signal at the end of mRNA must be removed

A

A) Introns are removed as exons are spliced together

126
Q

The process of translation takes place:

A) Outside the nucleus, by RNA polymerase

B) Within the nucleus, by a ribosome

C) Outside the nucleus, by a ribosome

D) Within the nucleus, by RNA polymerase

A

C) Outside the nucleus, by a ribosome

127
Q

During the process of translation, what happens immediately after the ribosomal subunits bind to the mRNA strand?

A) Amino acids attached to the tRNA molecules are linked by peptide bonds.

B) The ribosome travels down the length of the mRNA strand.

C) The anticodon of the first tRNA molecule pairs with the start codon of the mRNA strand

D) The ribosome detaches from the mRNA strand and the completed polypeptide is released.

A

C) The anticodon of the first tRNA molecule pairs with the start codon of the mRNA strand

128
Q

In the cytoskeleton, which filament maintains cell size and shape?

A) actin

B) microfilament

C) microtubule

D) cilia

A

C) microtubule

This filament has enough strength to work in maintaining cell size and shape.

129
Q

A(n) ________ is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

A) organelle

B) tissue

C) organ

D) cell

A

B) tissue

130
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

A somatic cell is a general term for a body cell, and all human cells, except for the cells that produce eggs and sperm (which are referred to as germ cells), are somatic cells.

131
Q

What are germ cells?

A

Eggs and sperm

132
Q

What does homologous mean?

A

A homologous pair of chromosomes is the two copies of a single chromosome found in each somatic cell.

133
Q

What type of organism is a human?

A

The human is a diploid organism, having 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes in each of the somatic cells.

134
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The cell cycle is the sequence of events in the life of the cell from the moment it is created at the end of a previous cycle of cell division until it then divides itself, generating two new cells.

135
Q

Define interphase

A

Interphase is the period of the cell cycle during which the cell is not dividing.

136
Q

Define mitosis

A

Mitosis is the division of genetic material, during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei are formed.

137
Q

Define cytokinesis

A

Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm into two distinctive cells.

138
Q

What is G1 phase (gap 1 phase)?

A

G1 phase (gap 1 phase) is the first gap, or growth phase in the cell cycle.

For cells that will divide again, G1 is followed by replication of the DNA, during the S phase.

139
Q

What is the S phase?

A

The S phase (synthesis phase) is period during which a cell replicates its DNA.

140
Q

What is G2 phase?

A

The G2 phase is a second gap phase, during which the cell continues to grow and makes the necessary preparations for mitosis.

141
Q

What is the G0 Phase?

A

In contrast to these phases, the G0 phase is a resting phase of the cell cycle.

142
Q

What is a sister chromatisd?

A

Each copy of the chromosome is referred to as a sister chromatid and is physically bound to the other copy.(Note

143
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The centromere is the structure that attaches one sister chromatid to another.

144
Q

How long does the mitotic phase take?

A

The mitotic phase of the cell typically takes between 1 and 2 hours.

145
Q

What are the two major processes of the mitotic phase?

A

Mitosis then cytokinesis.

146
Q

How many stages is mitosis divided into?

A

4.

1) Prophase
2) Metaphase
3) Anaphase
4) Telophase

147
Q

What is prophase?

A

Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, during which the loosely packed chromatin coils and condenses into visible chromosomes. During prophase, each chromosome becomes visible with its identical partner attached, forming the familiar X-shape of sister chromatids.

148
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

A centrosome is a pair of centrioles together.

149
Q

What is the mitotic spinle?

A

The mitotic spindle is the structure composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.

150
Q

What is the kinetochore?

A

The kinetochore is a protein structure on the centromere that is the point of attachment between the mitotic spindle and the sister chromatids.

151
Q

What is metaphase?

A

Metaphase is the second stage of mitosis. During this stage, the sister chromatids, with their attached microtubules, line up along a linear plane in the middle of the cell.

152
Q

What is the metaphase plate?

A

The metaphase plate is the name for the plane through the center of the spindle on which the sister chromatids are positioned.

153
Q

What is anaphase?

A

Anaphase is the third stage of mitosis. Anaphase takes place over a few minutes, when the pairs of sister chromatids are separated from one another, forming individual chromosomes once again.

154
Q

What is telophase?

A

Telophase is the final stage of mitosis. Telophase is characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei at either end of the dividing cell.

155
Q

What is the cleavage furrow?

A

The cleavage furrow is a contractile band made up of microfilaments that forms around the midline of the cell during cytokinesis.

156
Q

What is a checkpoint?

A

A checkpoint is a point in the cell cycle at which the cycle can be signaled to move forward or stopped.

157
Q

What is a cyclin?

A

A cyclin is one of the primary classes of cell cycle control molecules

158
Q

What is cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)?

A

A cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) is one of a group of molecules that work together with cyclins to determine progression past cell checkpoints.

159
Q

At which checkpoint must the cell be completely ready for mitosis?

A) S checkpoint

B) M checkpoint

C) G1 checkpoint

D) G2 checkpoint

A

D) G2 checkpoint

160
Q

A mutation in the gene for a cyclin protein might result in which of the following?

A) a cell with additional genetic material than normal

B) cancer

C) a cell with less genetic material than normal

D) any of the above

A

D) any of the above

161
Q

When considering the cell cycle, when does DNA replication occur?

A) Interphase

B) Anaphase

C) Telophase

D) Prophase

A

A) Interphase

162
Q

All the following things happen during prophase EXCEPT:

A) Nuclear envelope breaks down

B) Centromeres split apart

C) Chromosomes condense

D) Spindle fibers form

A

B) Centromeres split apart

163
Q

When considering the cell cycle, a cell spends the majority of its lifetime in ________.

A) anaphase

B) prophase

C) interphase

A

C) interphase

164
Q

A cell that keeps going through mitosis after the checkpoints fail can develop into a__________.

A) molecule

B) cancer cell

C) embolism

D) somatic cell

A

B) cancer cell

A cell that goes through mitosis after the cell cycle control fails can develop into a cancer cell if the resulting tumor affects the surrounding tissues. This is one possible fate if the tumor is malign.

165
Q

In the levels of biological organization, what are tissues made of?

A) Multiple organ systems that function and coordinate together.

B) Groups of similar cells with similar functions.

C) Organelles, each of which has a separate function.

D) A group of organs that work together to perform a set of functions.

A

B) Groups of similar cells with similar functions.

166
Q

True or false: The purpose of translation is to synthesize a strand of mRNA from a DNA template.

A

False. This is the process of transcription

167
Q

What does it mean when a cell is totipotent?

A

Cells can be described as totipotent because they have the potential to differentiate into any of the cells needed to enable an organism to grow and develop.

168
Q

What is a pluripotent stem cell?

A

A pluripotent stem cell is one that has the potential to differentiate into any type of human tissue but cannot support the full development of an organism.

169
Q

What is a multipotent stem cell?

A

A multipotent stem cell has the potential to differentiate into different types of cells within a given cell lineage or small number of lineages, such as a red blood cell or white blood cell.

170
Q

What is a oligopotent stem cell?

A

An oligopotent stem cell is limited to becoming one of a few different cell types.

171
Q

What is a unipotent cell?

A

A unipotent cell is fully specialized and can only reproduce to generate more of its own specific cell type.

172
Q

What is a transcription factor?

A

A transcription factor is one of a class of proteins that bind to specific genes on the DNA molecule and either promote or inhibit their transcription

173
Q

Arrange the following terms in order of increasing specialization: oligopotency, pluripotency, unipotency, multipotency.

A) multipotency, pluripotency, oligopotency, unipotency

B) pluripotency, oligopotency, multipotency unipotency

C) oligopotency, pluripotency, unipotency, multipotency

D) pluripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency

A

D) pluripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, unipotency

174
Q

Which type of stem cell gives rise to red and white blood cells?

A) endothelial

B) epithelial

C) hematopoietic

D) mesenchymal

A

C) hematopoietic

175
Q

A ________ stem cell has the potential to differentiate into any type of human tissue, but cannot support the full development of an organism.

A) unipotent

B) pluripotent

C) totipotent

D) multipotent

A

B) pluripotent

176
Q

________ is the process by which cells change from one type to another

A) Division

B) Specialization

C) Differentiation

A

C) Differentiation

177
Q

Describe interstitial fluid (IF)

A

It is fluid in the small spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels

178
Q

What is cell membrane?

A

It is membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilayer interspersed with various molecules; also known as plasma membrane

179
Q

What is nuclear pore?

A

It is one of the small, protein-lined openings found scattered throughout the nuclear envelope

180
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

It is cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules, which may or may not be associated with ribosomes (rough type or smooth type, respectively)

181
Q

What is peripheral protein?

A

It is membrane-associated protein that does not span the width of the lipid bilayer, but is attached peripherally to integral proteins, membrane lipids, or other components of the membrane

182
Q

Define mitochondrion

A

It is one of the cellular organelles bound by a double lipid bilayer that function primarily in the production of cellular energy (ATP)

183
Q

What is a receptor?

A

It is protein molecule that contains a binding site for another specific molecule (called a ligand)

184
Q

Define cilia

A

It is small appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cellular surface

185
Q

What is a ligand?

A

It is a molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule

186
Q

Define extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

It is fluid exterior to cells; includes the interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs in the body

187
Q

Define flagellum

A

It is an appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement

188
Q

Define organelle

A

It is any of several different types of membrane-enclosed specialized structures in the cell that perform specific functions for the cell

189
Q

Define cytosol

A

It is clear, semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water

190
Q

Define nuclear envelope

A

It is membrane that surrounds the nucleus; consisting of a double lipid-bilayer

191
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

It is internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid called cytosol, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials

192
Q

Define nucleus

A

It is the cell’s central organelle; contains the cell’s DNA

193
Q

What is the channel protein?

A

It is membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances

194
Q

Define cytoskeleton

A

It is the “skeleton” of a cell; formed by rod-like proteins that support the cell’s shape and provide, among other functions, locomotive abilities

195
Q

Define intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

It is fluid in the cytosol of cells

196
Q

Define microtubule

A

It is the thickest of the cytoskeletal filaments, composed of tubulin subunits that function in cellular movement and structural support

197
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

It is a cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that functions in protein modification, tagging, packaging, and transport

198
Q

What is sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ ATP-ase pump)?

A

It is membrane-embedded protein pump that uses ATP to move Na+ out of a cell and K+ into the cell

199
Q

Define microfilament

A

It is the thinnest of the cytoskeletal filaments; composed of actin subunits that function in muscle contraction and cellular structural support

200
Q

Define glycoprotein

A

It is protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached

201
Q

Define peroxisome

A

It is a membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful substances

202
Q

Define lysosome

A

It is a membrane-bound cellular organelle originating from the Golgi apparatus and containing digestive enzymes

203
Q

Define intermediate filament

A

It is a type of cytoskeletal filament made of keratin, characterized by an intermediate thickness, and playing a role in resisting cellular tension

204
Q

Define vesicle

A

It is a membrane-bound structure that contains materials within or outside of the cell

Applied Human Anatomy and Physiology for Exercise and Wellness I (EXSC-1310-400) (5 decks)

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