Endocrine System Flashcards
What is the most common form of exocrine secretion that releases material through the exocytosis of vesicles?
merocrine
What gland produces a secretion that causes fight-or-flight responses in effectors?
adrenal medulla
Which location in the forebrain is the master control center for homeostasis through the autonomic and endocrine systems?
hypothalamus
To maintain homeostasis, the internal conditions of the body must revolve around a certain ________ within a normal range.
set point
What is the location of the pituitary gland?
in the brain, inferior to the hypothalamus
The nervous system reacts to stimuli ________ compared to the endocrine system, and has ________ effects compared to the endocrine system.
A) Quickly, widespread
B) Slowly, widespread
C) Quickly, specific
D) Slowly, specific
C) Quickly, specific
Which glands can be found immediately superior to the kidneys?
Adrenal
Endocrine glands secrete what?
secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream
Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called what?
Paracrine
Which hormones are responsible for the adolescent growth spurt?
estrogen and testosterone
With respect to their direct effects on osseous tissue, which pair of hormones has actions that oppose each other?
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
All of the following play a role in calcium homeostasis except _________
A) Thyroxine
B) Calcitonin
C) Parathyroid hormone
D) Vitamin D
A) Thyroxine
Which form of hormone is derived from long chains of linked amino acids?
Protein hormones are derived from long chains of linked amino acids.
After a patient undergoes an oophorectomy to remove both ovaries, how do target cells adapt to decreased estrogen concentrations?
Target cells upregulate, producing more hormone-specific receptors and becoming more responsive to the hormone.
Amino acid based hormones:
A) Are lipophobic
B) Diffuse through target cell membranes
C) Are lipid soluble
D) Are hydrophobic
A) Are lipophobic
Steroid hormones:
A) Directly interact with DNA
B) Combine with protein receptors outside the target cell
C) Use second messenger systems
D) Are lipophobic
A) Directly interact with DNA
When a hormone is secreted and it finally reaches the ideal concentration level in the blood, it travels back to the gland that secreted it and causes production of the hormone to decrease. This is an example of what?
A negative feedback loop
What region of the diencephalon coordinates homeostasis?
hypothalamus
True or false: Negative feedback reverses the initial change in physiological conditions of the body, while positive feedback enhances the initial change in conditions.
True
A hormone composed of amino acids could belong to which hormone class?
Peptide hormones
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal gland to release cortisol is what?
ACTH
ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.
How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?
0
The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary gland by the what?
Hypophyseal portal system
Oxytocin is created within the ________ and secreted by the ________.
A) Posterior pituitary gland; posterior pituitary gland
B) Anterior pituitary gland; posterior pituitary gland
C) Hypothalamus; anterior pituitary gland
D) Hypothalamus; posterior pituitary gland
D) Hypothalamus; posterior pituitary gland
Which hormone causes the kidneys to retain water?
Antidiuretic
What is most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated?
calcitonin
Which type of homeostatic feedback mechanism is used to regulate body temperature, ensuring it remains around the desired level of 37°C (98.6°F)?
Negative feedback
All the following hormones stimulate bone growth and promote the activity of osteoblasts EXCEPT:
A) Growth hormone
B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C) Sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
D) Thyroxine
B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What occurs as a result of increased levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) within the body?
Calcium absorption is increased
What medical condition would result if the parafollicular or C cells in the thyroid could not release calcitonin?
hypercalcemia
The parafollicular cells release calcitonin to reduce elevated levels of calcium in the blood. If the parafollicular cells cannot release calcitonin, the blood calcium levels continue to increase, causing hypercalcemia.
The development of a goiter indicates what?
there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles
Thyroid hormone (TH) promotes what?
Increased metabolic rate
Without adequate dietary intake of iodide, what would occur?
Thyroglobulin would accumulate in the colloid
The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by what?
TSH from the anterior pituitary
The parathyroid is the chief regulator of calcium concentration in the blood. Therefore, this endocrine gland responds to what form of stimulus?
Humoral
The parathyroid responds to humoral stimuli, which are changes in blood levels of non-hormone chemicals such as calcium ions.
What are responsible for synthesizing and secreting collagen matrix and calcium salts during bone deposition?
Osteoblasts
Which cells of the parathyroid glands are responsible for producing and secreting hormones?
chief
Chief cells produce parathyroid hormone (PTH).
An abrupt drop in blood calcium levels stimulates the release of what hormone?
Parathyroid hormone; they increase blood calcium levels.
When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates what?
The activity of osteoclasts
Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism?
A) Increased bone deposition
B) Fractures
C) Convulsions
D) All of the above
B) Fractures
The parathyroid glands are embedded within what gland?
Thyroid gland
What is the signaling molecule used only in alpha or beta adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system?
epinephrine
Adrenergic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors and are targets of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Embryonic development of the axial skeleton involves ________
A) the notochord, which produces the cartilage models for the vertebrae
B) endochondral ossification, which forms the ribs and sternum
C) intramembranous ossification, which forms the facial bones
B) endochondral ossification, which forms the ribs and sternum
The adrenal medulla secretes its hormones in response to what type of stimuli?
Neural
Which of the following responses is not part of the fight-or-flight response?
A) pupil dilation
B) increased oxygen supply to the lungs
C) suppressed digestion
D) reduced mental activity
D) reduced mental activity
Which is the outer region of an adrenal gland?
The cortex
During periods of long-term or chronic stress, hormones will be mobilized from where?
Adrenal Cortex
Which of the following is true about mineralocorticoids?
A) they are released by the zona fasciculata
B) they include androgen hormones
C) they facilitate glucose mobilization
D) they include the hormone aldosterone
D) they include the hormone aldosterone
Which hormone is secreted from the adrenal glands with the purpose of increasing blood volume and blood pressure?
Aldosterone
Damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus would result in what disorder?
Damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus would result in interruption of circadian rhythm.
Which adult structure(s) arises from the diencephalon?
thalamus, hypothalamus, retina
What region of the diencephalon coordinates homeostasis?
hypothalamus
Which of the following choices correctly lists the layers of the eye in order from superficial to deep?
A) Sclera, choroid, retina
B) Choroid, sclera, retina
C) Retina, sclera, choroid
D) Sclera, retina, choroid
A) Sclera, choroid, retina
Where is the pineal gland located?
The pineal gland is posterior to the thalamus in the brain.
What cells secrete melatonin?
pinealocytes
The production of melatonin is inhibited by what?
exposure to bright light
After reporting to your physician that you have trouble sleeping at night, they may recommend you pick up what kind of supplements?
Melatonin
Why does traveling across multiple time zones cause jet lag?
Melatonin production takes time to adapt to the new light-dark patterns
Increased production of which hormone leads to epiphyseal plate closure, resulting in the formation of an epiphyseal line?
Sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
Women tend to lose bone mass more quickly than men starting around the age of 50 years old because they are not producing as much ________, which promotes osteoblast activity and bone deposition.
A) thyroxine
B) calcitriol
C) growth hormone
D) estrogen
D) estrogen
When 11-year-old Jason came home from summer baseball camp, his voice was cracking and his body appeared more muscular. By the time he returned to school that fall, Jason’s voice had deepened and he was 2 inches taller. What primary hormone caused Jason’s body to change so quickly?
Testosterone; it is a primary hormone in the development of male secondary sex characteristics.
The role of which hormone, released by the placenta, is to suppress the mother’s immune function to protect the fetus from rejection
Human chorionic gonadotropin; it reduces the mother’s immune system to protect the fetus from immune rejection.
The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone?
inhibin
The function of the placental hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) is to what?
prepare the breasts for lactation
The type of energy released when a molecule of glucose is broken down in the cell is which type of energy?
chemical
When bounds of chemical compounds are broken down chemical energy is released.
Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell?
A) mitochondria
B) peroxisomes
C) lysosomes
D) ER
A) mitochondria
Which molecule cannot pass freely and therefore need assistance to be able to cross the plasma membrane?
Glucose because it is large and polar.
Glucose is both large and polar, and therefore must enter the cell by ________ diffusion.
facilitated
A change in blood glucose levels can stimulate the secretion of insulin. This would be an example of what type of hormone-release stimuli?
Humoral
What glycogen-centric response would occur in the liver as a result of low blood glucose levels?
The liver would initiate glycogenolysis.
Glycogenolysis would decompose the glycogen into glucose, which would then be released into the blood.
Which cells within the pancreas produce the hormone somatostatin?
Delta
Which of the following is/are pair(s) of antagonistic hormones?
A) Parathyroid hormone and Aldosterone
B) Epinephrine and norepinephrine
C) Insulin and glucagon
D) ADH and aldosterone
C) Insulin and glucagon
If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected?
glucagon
Which of the following statements about insulin is true?
A) Insulin stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose.
B) Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane.
C) Insulin acts as a transport protein, carrying glucose across the cell membrane.
D) Insulin stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb glucose into the bloodstream
B) Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane.
There are several nutrients that affect bone health. Which one is specifically needed for calcium absorption in the digestive system?
Vitamin D is needed for calcium to be absorbed properly.
In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for what?
Vitamin D synthesis
Endurance athletes may try to boost the availability of oxygen to muscles to increase aerobic respiration by using this hormone that regulates the production of red blood cells. This hormone is called what?
erythropoietin
What stimulus causes the release of ANP, and from what organ?
The atrial chambers of the heart release ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) in response to increased blood pressure.
The end result of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is to what?
increase blood pressure
Athletes may take synthetic EPO to boost their what?
blood oxygen levels
Hormones produced by the thymus play a role in what?
development of T cells
Which hormone released by the GI tract stimulates the gallbladder?
Cholecystokinin
Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from what three things?
The three embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Which of the following options best describes the process of neural tube formation?
A) Parts of the ectoderm undergo rapid cell division to form an external ridge along the length of the embryo that eventually forms the neural tube.
B) The edges of the plate-like germ layers of the embryo fuse to form a tube with the inner endodermal cells eventually differentiating into the neural tube.
C) Cells within the mesoderm undergo programmed cell death to form a tube-shaped cavity within the embryo that eventually forms the neural tube.
D) Cells of the ectoderm fold inward to form a groove that closes to form the neural tube.
D) Cells of the ectoderm fold inward to form a groove that closes to form the neural tube.
Hormone replacement therapy is sometimes recommended for women who are experiencing the hot flashes of menopause. Considering what we know about the hormones in the endocrine system, which hormone is being replaced with this treatment?
Ovaries decrease in size with age, causing a decrease in estrogen levels. Estrogen replacement therapy replaces estrogen lost through aging.
The endocrine system arises from which germ layer?
All three embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Which of the following occurs with age in the years after a person has passed sexual maturity?
A) Production of epinephrine decreases
B) The metabolic rate increases
C) Growth hormone production decreases
D) Testosterone levels increase
C) Growth hormone production decreases
The pineal gland develops from which embryonic germ layer?
ectoderm
Which early scholar of globalization developed the notion of “flows,” the changes that shape a new global cultural economy?
Arjun Appadurai
Multiple simultaneous flows of material goods, ideas, images, and people remind us that global movements and transformations affect all of our lives.
