Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
What is cell theory?
The theory that all structure and function result from the activity of cells
What is the hierarchy of structure?
The levels of complexity starting from atoms moving to the organism as a whole
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain constant internal environment.
A concept that maintains stable conditions within the body using negative feedback loops
What is adaptation?
The concept that the body adapting to the stresses placed on it, like strength training
What is the unity of form and function?
That anatomy affects physiology, physiology affects anatomy, and they cannot be separated
What is anatomy?
Anatomy is the study of form and observation of structure of the human body
What were the origins of anatomy?
Anatomy started in the Dark Ages with just a description and drawings of the outer surface of the body
What is comparative anatomy?
Comparative anatomy is the study of more than one species to analyze evolutionary trends
What is an example of comparative anatomy?
The anatomy of a cat, versus the anatomy of a human
What are examples of physical examination being an anatomical study?
Includes palpating, observation, percussion (tapping the body to find pain responses), auscultation (using a stethoscope)
What is gross anatomy?
Gross anatomy is what is visible to the naked eye
What is histology?
Histology is the examination of cells with a microscope
What is physiology?
Physiology is the study of bodily functions by use of methods of experimental science
What does physiology do?
Physiology talks about what structures do individually and for organs as a whole
What were early studies of physiology like?
Early studies of physiology of different organs were examining people who had organ damage and seeing what no longer worked or what no longer could happen
What is comparative physiology?
Comparative physiology is the study of different species
True or false: Physiology is the basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures
True
Why is Hippocrates (Greek, 400BCE) considered to be the father of modern medicine?
Helped identify anatomy and tried to understand physiology
Who published the accurate gross anatomy atlas in 1543?
Vesalius
What did Harvey do?
Harvey realized blood pumped blood through vessels and circulated in 1628
Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope to look at fabrics (1632-1723), but who developed and improved upon this?
Hooke (1665) and Zeiss (1860) developed and improved compound microscopes (described plant cell walls in 1665)
Who were the first scientists to come up with the cell theory of human and animal structure?
Schleiden and Schwann thought that all organisms were composed of cells, cell theory of 1839
What is cell theory?
Cell Theory is that all organisms are composed of individual cells with different structures and functions, and is key to understand how the body works and how to treat diseases
What is germ theory?
Microscopes being available helped people identify the presence of bacteria and understand how infections occur, which was key to identifying how diseases were caused and how to treat them
What is genetic revolution?
Genetic revolution is the library of molecular structure of every human gene is finished
What does contralateral mean?
Pertaining or relating to the opposite side of the
What does ipsilateral mean?
On the same side
What does bilateral mean?
Relating to the right and left sides of the body, or a body structure such as the right and left extremities
What is an anterior position?
Anything facing forward. Also referred to as ventral position
What is a posterior position?
Anything facing backward. Also referred to as dorsal position
When do you see “ventral” and “dorsal” terms being used?
Usually when referring to the thorax or trunk
What directional term could be applied to the palm of the hand?
Volar
What is medial position?
Anything facing the midpoint
What is lateral position?
Anything facing the outside of the body
Is ulnar used for medial or lateral sides?
Medial
Is radial used for medial or lateral?
Lateral
Is tibial used for medial or lateral?
Lateral
Is fibular used for medial or lateral?
Medial
What does superior mean?
Anything above or on top of something
What does inferior mean?
Anything below something
Is the elbow inferior to the wrist?
No, the elbow is above the wrist, so it is superior
What does proximal mean?
Closer to the center of the body
What does distal mean?
Anything further from the center of the body
Explain why the shoulder is proximal to the elbow
The shoulder is proximal to the elbow because it is closer to the midline of the body
What does superficial mean?
Towards the surface
What does deep mean?
Towards the interior, away from the surface
What is the plantar surface?
The bottom of the foot
What is the dorsum?
The back of the hand
What does prone mean?
Stomach lying, the body facing downward
What is supine?
Lying on the back, facing upward
What is the sagittal plane?
Divides the body into left and right
What is the transverse/horizontal plane?
Divides the body into upper and lower portions
What is a frontal/coronal plane?
Divides the key into front and back positions
What are oblique planes
Any other planes. Is not considered a cardinal plane
What are the cardinal anatomical planes?
Sagittal planes, transverse/horizontal planes, frontal/coronal planes
Anatomy is about (blank), while physiology is about (blank)
A) Organs; molecules
B) Structure; function
C) Molecules; organs
D) Function; structure
B) Structure; function
What would allow for visualization of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye?
A microscope
Why is it important to study Anatomy and Physiology?
A) Familiarity with the human body can help you make healthful choices and prompt you to take appropriate action when signs of illness arise.
B) Knowledge in this field will help you understand news about nutrition, medications, medical devices, and procedures,
C) It may be a requirement for your field of study.
D) All of these reasons are true.
D) All of these reasons are true.
Dissection would allow for the visualization for which structure?
A) The stomach
B) The heart
C) The lungs
D) All
D) All
Who benefits from knowledge of Anatomy and Physiology?
Health professionals, athletes, and more!
Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?
A) Microscopic anatomy
B) Muscle anatomy
C) Regional anatomy
D) Systemic anatomy
C) Regional anatomy
A scientist who wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run is most likely a what?
A) Exercise physiologist
B) Microscopic anatomist
C) Regional physiologist
D) Systemic anatomist
A) Exercise physiologist
Dissecting out the kidney and studying its external structure with the naked eye is what kind of anatomy?
Gross
Based upon our knowledge of micro-, macro, homeostasis, and systemic, which of the following terms indicates a large cell?
A) Homeostatic cell
B) Microcytic
C) Systemic Cell
D) Macrocytic
D) Macrocytic
Which of the following would be an example of a physiologist working at the organ level?
A) Investigating the cells found in the blood
B) Analyzing the parts of a specific cell
C) Exploring the role of the different chambers of the heart
D) Microscopically analyzing tissue
C) Exploring the role of the different chambers of the heart
The spinal cord is an organ in which system?
The nervous system
What is the smallest independently functioning unit of an organism?
A cell
The body system responsible for structural support is which:
The muscular system
The skeletal system
The skeletal system
Subatomic particles, atoms, and ______ are the building blocks of the body that make up the chemical level of organization
Fill in the blank:
A) Cells
B) Amino acids
C) Organelles
D) Molecules
D) Molecules
A collection of tissues that performs a specific function is a ______?
A) Organ
B) Organelle
C) Organism
D) Organ system
A) Organ
The basic architecture of the body can be described using six levels of organization. What is the correct order of these levels, from least to most complex?
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
You notice a fly land on your arm, and you quickly decide to swat it away. Which body system sensed the presence of the fly and responded accordingly?
The nervous system
What is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function?
Tissue
The urinary bladder would be classified as _____ because it consists of multiple tissue types working together to perform a specific function.
A) Tissue
B) Cell
C) Organ
D) Organelle
C) Organ
In the levels of biological organization, what are tissues made of?
Groups of similar cells with similar functions.
Groups of tissues will make an organ, and groups of organs make an organ system
Breaking down food to its component parts is an example of what?
A) Organization
B) Reproduction
C) Metabolism
D) Movement
C) Metabolism
Cells in the body have a membrane that separates what is inside from what is outside. Which function of life does this represent?
Organization. An example of organization is having a structure that differentiates inside from outside
You are not the same size you were when you were a child. This change is an example of what?
Growth
When a cell matures into performing only specific physiological processes, this is what?
Differentiation, or developing into the mature cell type
Define metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
Cancer cells can be characterized as “generic” cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus, cancer cells lack:
A) Differentiation
B) Reproduction
C) Responsiveness
D) Both reproduction and responsiveness
A) Differentiation
You decide to go for a walk outside on a hot day, and after a few minutes of being outside in the heat, you begin to sweat. Which function of life does this statement best represent?
Responsiveness
Which process breaks down large molecules into smaller ones that can be used by the body?
Catabolism
Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of what?
A) Food
B) Nitrogen
C) Oxygen
D) Water
C) Oxygen
Which process breaks down large molecules into smaller ones that can be used by the body?
Catabolism
Which nutrient is the most important for human survival?
Water
Why is it dangerous to be outside in a snowstorm without appropriate protection?
The body requires a narrow range of temperatures to function and cannot stay warm in a snowstorm.
If you were exposed to drastic cold temperatures and your muscles were not shivering, what would be a severe consequence?
Malfunction of biochemical reactions. Drastic cold would severely affect the rebate of biochemical reactions in our cells
Atmospheric pressure does what to blood gasses?
Dissolves them. Pressure on our body will help keep gases like nitrogen safely dissolved in our bloodstream.
Which of the following statements about nutrients is true?
A) All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival
B) Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day
C) Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients
D) Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals
A) All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival
C.J. Is stuck in their car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ____
A) Increasing the blood to her hands and feet
B) Becoming lethargic to conserve heat
C) Breaking down stored energy
D) Significantly increasing blood oxygen levels
C) Breaking down stored energy
You have decided to climb a tall mountain, and as you near the top, you notice that you start to shiver and it becomes harder to breathe. All of the following should be major concerns EXCEPT:
A) The sharp decline in temperature
B) The humidity of the atmosphere
C) The reduced atmospheric pressure
D) The lack of oxygen at high altitudes
B) The humidity of the atmosphere
Reflexes that maintain homeostasis in the human body respond to ____
A) Stimuli
B) Chemical reactions
C) Proteins
D) Pressures
A) Stimuli. Stimuli will be sensed up and responded to in order to maintain homeostasis
Stimulation of the heat loss center causes what?
Sweat glands to increase their output
Is oxygen considered a nutrient?
No
Is the skin superficial to the muscles?
Yes
After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distinction (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relate this information to what?
A control center
Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?
A) Blood pressure regulation
B) Childbirth
C) Regulation of fluid balance
D) Temperature regulation
B) Childbirth
In a negative feedback mechanism, the ____ monitors and detects any changes in physiological conditions. Reports of any changes are sent to the ______, which decides the best course of action and activates the _____, which brings the psychological condition of the body back within a normal range.
A) Effector, control center, sensor
B) Sensor, control center, effector
C) Receptor, effector, control center
D) Sensor, control center, receptor
B) Sensor, control center, effector
Which of the following statements about homeostatic feedback mechanisms is true?
A) Negative feedback is only used to heal extreme damage to the body, while positive feedback is used for daily regulatory processes.
B) Negative feedback reverses the initial change in physiological conditions of the body, while positive feedback enhances the initial change in conditions.
C) Negative feedback is the less commonly used mechanism within the body, while positive feedback is used quite readily.
D) Negative feedback brings the body away from homeostasis, while positive feedback brings the body back towards homeostasis.
B) Negative feedback reverses the initial change in physiological conditions of the body, while positive feedback enhances the initial change in conditions.
Is intensified labor contradictions during childbirth an example of a positive or negative feedback mechanism?
Intensified labor contractions is a positive feedback mechanism
Which specialty might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?
Regional anatomy
What type of homeostatic feedback mechanism is used to promote blood clotting and wound healing after you’ve received a cut in the skin, negative or positive feedback?
Positive feedback
You sit in a chair, and it has a lumbar support for your back. Based upon this, we can reasonably assume that the lumbar regional term means what?
Lower back
Vertebrae help support your upper body. Inside of vertebrae is a space that contains the spinal cord. Which name makes the most sense for this space?
Vertebral cavity
The prefix “peri-“ indicates around, such as in perimeter. The word root “cardi” indicates the heart. Based upon that knowledge, pericardial cavity is likely located where?
A) Inside of the abdomen
B) Dorsal body cavity
C) Around or outside of the heart
D) Inside of the heart
C) Around or outside of the heart
What is the position of the body when it is in the “normal anatomical position?”
A) The person is prone with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides.
B) The person is standing facing the observer, with upper limbs extended out at a ninety-degree angle from the torso and lower limbs in a wide stance with feet pointing laterally
C) The person is supine with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides.
D) None of the above
D) None of the above
The lumbar region is _______
A) Inferior to the gluteal region
B) Inferior to the umbilical region
C) Superior to the cervical region
D) Superior to the popliteal region
D) Superior to the popliteal region
A cut along the ______ plane divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior portions.
A) Median
B) Sagittal
C) Frontal
D) Transverse
D) Transverse
What is the name of the membrane that lines the organs within the abdominal cavity?
The peritoneum
The ______ pericardium lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, while the ______ pericardium immediately covers the heart
A) Parietal, visceral
B) Visceral, parietal
A) Parietal, visceral
X-ray technology is good for imaging what?
Fractures of bones
X-ray technology is good for imaging what?
Fractures of bones
The heart is within what?
The mediastinum
The heart is within what?
The mediastinum
Which imaging study can be used most safely during pregnancy?
Ultrasound
Where is the popliteal region of the body?
Behind the knee
What plane divides the body vertically into equal left and right halves?
The sagittal plane
Which of the following imaging techniques would be best to use to study the uptake of nutrients by rapidly multiplying cancer cells?
A) CT
B) MRI
C) PET
D) Ultrasonography
C) PET
What are two major disadvantages of MRI scans?
A) Release of radiation and poor quality images
B) High cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals
C) Can only view metabolically active tissues and inadequate availability of equipment
D) Release of radiation and the need for a patient to be confined to metal tube for up to 30 minutes
B) High cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals
What medical imaging technique is the least invasive?
Ultrasonography
Which medical imaging technique is able to show physiological activity, such as nutrient metabolism and blood flow, within an organ?
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
