Digestive System Flashcards
Which type of muscle is responsible for the involuntary movement of the digestive tract?
Smooth muscle is responsible for involuntary movements in the digestive track.
The hepatic portal system delivers blood from the digestive organs to the ________
liver
The ________ is the name of the membrane that lines the organs within the abdominal cavity.
Peritoneum
Which of these is NOT a function of epithelial tissue?
A) protection
B) secretion
C) absorption
D) mineral storage
D) mineral storage
Which of the following is part of the alimentary canal (GI Tract)?
A) liver
B) gall bladder
C) esophagus
D) pancreas
C) esophagus
The esophagus is a modification of the alimentary canal that carries food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach.
Which layer of the alimentary canal contains the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa?
The mucosa; it consists of the epithelium, the lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosa.
Which component of the nervous system controls the rhythm and force of the contractions in the muscularis layer of the alimentary canal?
The myenteric plexus; it controls the rhythm and force of contractions of the muscularis layer.
Which membrane covers the stomach?
visceral peritoneum
The teeth and tongue are accessory digestive organs. How do they contribute to digestion?
The teeth and tongue aid in mechanical digestion in the mouth.
True or false: lipids are not organic molecules essential to human functioning
False: they are an organic molecule essential for human functioning
What is the primary function of the digestive system?
The primary function of the digestive system is to break down consumed food and absorb nutrients
If a thermoreceptor is sensitive to temperature sensations, what would a chemoreceptor be sensitive to?
molecules
Lymphatic capillaries in the small intestines are known as
Lacteals
What type of muscle has no striations and it is present in the walls of hollow organs like the urinary bladder, uterus, stomach, intestines, in the walls of passageways, such as the arteries and veins, and in the eyes?
Smooth
Which of the following is a hormone commonly used to regulate the process and rate of digestion?
Gastrin; it is a hormone commonly used to regulate the process and rate of digestion.
Which of these statements about reflexes in the GI tract is false?
A) Short reflexes are provoked by nerves near the GI tract.
B) Short reflexes are mediated by the enteric nervous system.
C) Food that distends the stomach initiates long reflexes.
D) Long reflexes can be provoked by stimuli originating outside the GI tract.
A) Short reflexes are provoked by nerves near the GI tract.
Where does ingestion occur?
The mouth or oral cavity
The acidic “soup” chyme is produced in what digestive organ?
Stomach
How is segmentation helpful to maximize absorption in the small intestines?
Segmentation maximizes absorption by moving food back and forth increasing contact with digestive juices.
Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________.
saliva contains enzymes
What is the action of the masseter?
closing the jaw
The names of the extrinsic tongue muscles commonly end in ________
glossus
Which nerve is responsible for taste, as well as salivation, in the anterior oral cavity?
facial
The little bridge of tissue that anchors the inner surface of your lips to the gums is called the labial _______
frenulum
Why is it common for people to complain their mouth is dry before public speaking?
Sympathetic stimulation, responsible for the fight or flight response, results in reduced salivation.
What type of teeth are most abundant in an adult mouth?
Molars
There are twelve molars.
Which of the following is the most inferior portion of the pharynx?
A) Larynx
B) The Nasopharynx
C) The Oropharynx
D) The laryngopharynx
D) The laryngopharynx
Which of the following is the correct route of food from ingestion to the stomach?
A) Oral cavity -> Oropharynx -> Laryngopharynx -> Larynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach
B) Oral cavity -> Nasopharynx -> Oropharynx -> Laryngopharynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach
C) Nasal cavity -> Nasopharynx -> Oropharynx -> Laryngopharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea
D) Oral cavity -> Oropharynx -> Laryngopharynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach
D) Oral cavity -> Oropharynx -> Laryngopharynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach
Your brain sending instructions to your stomach to contract and propel food to the intestines would be an example of functioning associated with which division of the nervous system?
Autonomic Nervous System
These receptors are stimulated in the stomach when it expands after you have eaten a large meal:
Baroreceptors
What is unique about the muscular layer in the stomach?
The stomach contains a third, oblique, layer of muscle as a part of its muscularis
Which peritoneal fold suspends the stomach from the inferior border of the liver?
Lesser omentum
Which of the following correctly describes a region of the stomach?
A) cardia—main part of the stomach
B) fundus—point in which the esophagus connects to the stomach
C) pylorus—connects the stomach to the duodenum
D) body— dome-shaped portion of the stomach
C) pylorus—connects the stomach to the duodenum
Which of these cells secrete hormones?
A) parietal cells
B) mucous neck cells
C) enteroendocrine cells
D) chief cells
C) enteroendocrine cells
Where does the majority of chemical digestion in the stomach occur?
fundus and body
How does the mucosal barrier protect the stomach?
The mucus is filled with bicarbonate and both forms a physical barrier and buffers the acidity.
Why is gastric emptying not accomplished in a single push, and instead in small (~3mL) increments?
Releasing a small amount of chyme makes the acid load manageable for the small intestines
In what organ of the digestive tract are nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream?
Most nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine
The smooth muscle of your intestines receives dual innervation. This means the parasympathetic system can increase contraction, and the sympathetic system can ________ the contraction of the structure.
decrease
Which Layer of the alimentary canal comes into direct contact with the food passing through the lumen?
The mucosa faces the lumen and comes into contact with the food.
Nutrients are transported from the small intestine to the liver by way of the ________.
hepatic portal vein
What is the main function of the bacterial flora in our GI tract?
Bactieral flora from the GI tract can synthesize vitamin K as well as other vitamins.
In which part of the alimentary canal does most digestion occur?
proximal small intestine
You and your family have just finished off a dozen ears of delicious fresh corn you got at the farmers’ market. Over the next 12 to 14 hours, what path will those indigestible corn kernels take through your large intestine?
A) ascending colon → transverse colon → descending colon → cecum → sigmoid colon → rectum
B) cecum → ascending colon → transverse colon → descending colon → sigmoid colon → rectum
C) cecum → descending colon → transverse colon → sigmoid colon → ascending colon → rectum
D) descending colon → transverse colon → cecum → descending colon → sigmoid colon → rectum
B) cecum → ascending colon → transverse colon → descending colon → sigmoid colon → rectum
Once they hit your large intestine, those corn kernels will travel from the cecum to the ascending colon to the transverse colon to the descending colon to the sigmoid colon, and then on to the rectum and out.
Why does the small intestine have a hepatopancreatic sphincter, and the large intestine does not?
The small intestine must receive bile and pancreatic juice, and this needs to be regulated. The hepatopancreatic sphincter regulates the flow of these materials into the duodenum.
Which of the following does not increase absorptive surface area in the small intestines?
A) Villi
B) Microvilli
C) Circular Folds
D) Intestinal MALT
D) Intestinal MALT
MALT helps to keep bacteria from entering the body but does not aid in absorption.
What are the major organs found in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Liver, gallbladder
What is not an organ of the alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract)?
The pancreas will not have food pass through it but will still contribute to digestion as an accessory organ.
Which of the following accessory organs contribute to digestion in the intestines?
A) Liver
B) Gallbladder
C) Pancreas
D) All of the organs listed contribute something to digestion in the intestines.
D) All of the organs listed contribute something to digestion in the intestines.
Which statement best describes blood flow in the liver?
A) Blood flows into the liver through the hepatic artery proper and from the intestine via the hepatic vein. Blood leaves the liver through the hepatic veins back to the heart.
B) Blood from the intestine flows into the liver through the hepatic vein. Blood leaves the liver through the hepatic portal artery and flows to the heart.
C) Blood comes from the intestine and enters the liver through the hepatic portal artery and also comes from the heart and enters the liver through the hepatic portal vein.
D) Blood from the heart enters the liver through the portal artery. Blood leaves the liver through the hepatic portal vein and flows to the intestine.
A) Blood flows into the liver through the hepatic artery proper and from the intestine via the hepatic vein. Blood leaves the liver through the hepatic veins back to the heart.
Why does the liver receive blood from the hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein?
The liver receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and contents absorbed from the digestive tract as well as some oxygen from the hepatic portal vein.
Hepatocytes produce bile. What purpose does bile serve in digestion?
Bile emulsifies lipids
What is the primary role of the gallbladder?
Storing, concentrating, and releasing bile.
What is sodium bicarbonate, and what happens when it is secreted from the pancreas into the duodenum?
Sodium bicarbonate is a buffer used to neutralize acidic chyme in the intestines.
The ability of an enzyme’s active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________
specificity
True or false: Monormer is the name for a building block for any large, biological molecule
True
Where does the chemical digestion of starch begin?
mouth
Where does the digestion of proteins begin in the body?
The stomach with HCl and Pepsin
Which lipase gets to benefit from fats being emulsified by bile?
Pancreatic Lipase
Bile and pancreatic lipase are both present in the duodenum
How does the absorption of water-soluble and lipid-soluble nutrients differ?
Water-soluble nutrients require a transporter to cross the cell membrane. Lipid-soluble nutrients do not require a transport and diffuse through the membrane
During absorption of minerals, sodium tends to accumulate inside the cells of the GI tract, and potassium outside. How do these cells correct their sodium-potassium gradient?
A sodium potassium pump uses ATP to pump sodium out of the cell and potassium in.
