Respiratory System Flashcards
The paranasal sinuses are ________
A) air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only
B) air-filled spaces found within all bones of the skull
C) not connected to the nasal cavity
D) divided at the midline by the nasal septum
A) air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only
Which structure forms the upper portion of the nasal septum?
Perpendicular plate
Cilia tend to be found on which shape of epithelial cells?
columnar cells
The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx?
A) nasopharynx
B) laryngopharynx
C) nasal cavity
D) oral cavity
D) oral cavity
Which of the following are structural features of the trachea?
A) C-shaped cartilage
B) smooth muscle fibers
C) cilia
D) all of the above
D) all of the above
What is the role of alveolar macrophages?
to remove pathogens and debris
What is the functional difference between the respiratory and conducting zone of the respiratory system?
A) The conducting zone takes oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body.
B) The respiratory zone is responsible for gas exchange and the conducting zone moves air.
C) The respiratory zone and conducting zone are one and the same
D) The conducting zone is responsible for gas exchange and the respiratory zone moves air.
B) The respiratory zone is responsible for gas exchange and the conducting zone moves air.
How does the nasal conchae help to clean and warm the air?
The increased surface area of the nasal conchae creates turbulence that leads to the air contacting the walls of the nasal cavity warming and filtering the air.
The apex of the heart rests in the cardiac notch, a depression in where?
inferior lobe of the left lung
Overall, the left lung is smaller than the right to accommodate the heart.
Low-oxygen blood exits the heart via what major vessel?
The pulmonary trunk, which splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which travel to the lungs.
Which circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body?
pulmonary
True or false: The visceral pericardium lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, while the parietal pericardium immediately covers the heart.
False, the visceral pericardium covers the heart, and the parietal pericardium lines the walls of thoracic cavity
Which nerve is associated with the autonomic nervous system and innervates many visceral organs?
Vagus
What is the primary function of the lungs?
The primary function of the lungs is to perform the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
What is happening during pulmonary ventilation?
Gas is moved between the atmosphere and the lungs.
Movement of air between the atmosphere and the lungs happens during pulmonary ventilation.
Why does the left lung contain two lobes and the cardiac notch?
The left lung must accommodate the heart.
In the lungs, parasympathetic stimulation causes ________, and sympathetic stimulation causes ________.
A) Bronchoconstriction; bronchoconstriction
B) Bronchodilation; bronchoconstriction
C) Bronchoconstriction; bronchodilation
D) Bronchodilation; bronchodilation.
C) Bronchoconstriction; bronchodilation
Which pleura is connected to the thoracic wall?
Parietal pleura
The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, are the:
visceral and parietal pleurae
What borders the lungs inferiorly?
The diaphragm
Where is pleural fluid found?
Between the visceral and parietal pleura in the pleural cavity.
If a thermoreceptor is sensitive to temperature sensations, what would a chemoreceptor be sensitive to?
molecules
The change in volume of the thoracic cavity during breathing is due to the alternate contraction and relaxation of which muscles?
diaphragm
When considering the pressures that drive breathing, which pressure equals atmospheric pressure at the end of an expiration?
intrapulmonary or intra-alveolar pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric pressure at the end of an expiration.
Carlos has been smoke-free for a year and his doctor wants to test his current lung function. He asks Carlos to take a breath and then exhale that breath. Carlos does, but as he is exhaling, the doctor encourages him to keep blowing: “Come on, Carlos! Keep it coming! More! Can you exhale any more?” What lung capacity was Carlos’s doctor testing?
The expiratory reserve volume, which is the amount of air that can be exhaled beyond normal exhalation.
How does the apneustic center in the pons stimulate deep breathing?
The apneustic center stimulates deep breathing by stimulating neurons in the dorsal respiratory group in the medulla
A decrease in volume leads to what type of pressure?
Increased pressure
Gas flow decreases as what increases?
resistance
How does gas exchange take place in the lung?
Oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli.
Where the alveolar wall meets the capillary wall is where we find what?
Respiratory Membrane
Which of the following correctly describes pulmonary ventilation?
A) Pulmonary ventilation is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the tissues of the body and blood.
B) Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air within the blood vessels of the body.
C) Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
D) Pulmonary ventilation is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood.
C) Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
Exchange of gases and nutrients occurs where?
Capillaries
The concentration of what in alveolar air is normally about 75%?
Nitrogen. Its total composition is 74.9%
Why does carbon dioxide need to be removed through exhalation?
It is a waste product of cellular respiration
Based upon Dalton’s Law what is the total pressure of air given the gases below?
Nitrogen 600 mm Hg
Oxygen 159 mm Hg
Other Gases 1 mm Hg
760 mm Hg
Dalton’s Law is the sum of the partial pressures of gases in a mixture
Ventilation is regulated by ________ and perfusion is regulated by ________.
A) The diameter of the blood vessels; the diameter of the airways
B) The diameter of the blood vessels; the diameter of the blood vessels
C) Both are regulated spontaneously and are not dependent on other factors within the body.
D) The diameter of the airways; the diameter of the blood vessels
D) The diameter of the airways; the diameter of the blood vessels
Why is the pressure of oxygen low and the pressure of carbon dioxide higher at highly metabolizing system tissues?
Metabolizing tissue uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide leading to high carbon dioxide and low carbon dioxide.
The role of hemoglobin in the blood is to what?
Hemoglobin exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide at body cells, then does the reverse at the lungs.
A molecule of hemoglobin:
consists of four subunits, each with a globin protein bound to a heme group.
Gas moves from an area of ________ partial pressure to an area of ________ partial pressure.
high, low
Which blood cell type is found in the greatest numbers in plasma?
Erythrocytes
To what does molecular oxygen bind on a hemoglobin molecule?
Fe2+
What is one way in which fetal hemoglobin differs from adult hemoglobin?
Two of the four heme subunits in fetal hemoglobin have greater affinity for oxygen.
A hemoglobin molecule contains four iron-containing heme centers. How many molecules of oxygen can it carry?
4
According to the oxygen dissociation curve what happens to blood oxygen saturation at lower partial pressures of oxygen?
The lower the partial pressure of oxygen the lower the hemoglobin saturation.
A rightward shift has what effect on the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin?
A rightward shift has no impact on oxygen binding to hemoglobin
The shift changes the amount of oxygen bound at any given partial pressure of oxygen
How does carbonic anhydrase allow for the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood?
Carbonic anhydrase allows for the creation of carbonic acids which dissociates into bicarbonate. Bicarbonate is transported in the blood.
Respiratory rate refers to the total number of breaths (respiratory cycles) that occur each minute. The respiratory rate is controlled by the ___ within the brain.
medulla oblongata
Respiratory control centers in the brain initiate inhalation and exhalation in response to many types of stimuli. What is a common stimulus?
The amount of carbon dioxide in the blood is a trigger for the respiratory centers in the brain to respond.
Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in?
A) pulmonary ventilation
B) production of pulmonary surfactant
C) resistance
D) surface tension
A) pulmonary ventilation
What is factored into respiratory rate?
Changes in oxygen in the body, changes in carbon dioxide in the body, and blood pH
Both hyperpnea and hyperventilation refer to an increase in ventilation. Which of the following is an indication of hyperventilation and not hyperpnea?
A) alkaline blood pH
B) previous heavy exercise
C) respiratory diseases such as asthma
D) low oxygen levels in the blood
A) alkaline blood pH
Hyperventilation is an increase in the rate of ventilation. It is not necessarily associated with exercise or disease, but with low carbon dioxide levels and alkaline blood pH.
A mountaineer who has spent several months at high altitude is better acclimated to low oxygen levels than a mountaneer who has just arrived from sea level. Why?
The acclimated mountaineer has a greater number of circulating erythrocytes.
Exposure to high altitude for long periods of time increase the number of circulating erythrocytes in an individual.
Exercise can trigger symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS) due to what?
small venous reserve of oxygen
When the body requires increased need for oxygen due to metabolic demand what respiratory modifications are made?
Increased rate and depth of breathing.
Why does urination increase at high altitudes?
Increased urination reduces plasma volume and allows for the red blood cells to make up a great composition of the blood helping to transport oxygen.
Which of the following statements is true?
A) Two umbilical veins carry oxygen-depleted blood from the fetal circulation to the placenta.
B) One umbilical vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus.
C) Two umbilical arteries carry oxygen-depleted blood to the fetal lungs.
D) None of the above are true.
B) One umbilical vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus.
What type of cell composes the spherical shape of the alveoli?
Type I alveolar cells
Which lung contains a middle lobe?
The right lung
The right lung consists of three lobes: the superior, middle and inferior lobes
Which of the following organs and structures of the respiratory system would be a part of the anatomical dead space?
A) Trachea
B) All of the listed structures are part of the anatomical dead space.
C) Nasal cavity
D) Larynx
B) All of the listed structures are part of the anatomical dead space.
All of these choices will contain air that will not reach the alveoli.
The innermost embryonic germ cell layer is the what?
endoderm
Research has postulated several explanations for why fetuses seem to “breathe” amniotic fluid in and out of the lungs. Which of the following is one of those reasons?
The rhythmic in-and-out motion stimulates the growth of the fetus’s alveoli in the developing lungs.
Why is respiratory monitoring so important for a full-term newborn baby delivered via cesarean section?
The baby did not pass through the birth canal, where fluid in the lungs is normally expelled.
Passage through the birth canal squeezes the amniotic fluid from the lungs, triggering the first breath shortly after delivery.
A preterm infant born at 28 weeks gestation suffers respiratory distress. What is the most likely cause of this distress?
Pulmonary surfactant levels are low, so lungs do not expand as they should.
Pulmonary surfactant levels are low at 28 weeks. This means that the infant’s alveoli collapse after each exhalation
The olfactory pits form from where?
ectoderm
What happens to the fluid that remains in the lungs after birth?
It is absorbed shortly after birth.
