URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards
removes waste products from the blood and regulates water and electrolyte balance
urinary system
What condition involves the absence of a kidney?
Renal agenesis or aplasia.
What is compensatory hypertrophy?
enlargement of one kidney when the other is absent or underdeveloped.
What is Potter syndrome?
A condition involving the absence of both kidneys (bilateral agenesis), which is incompatible with life.
What is a supernumerary kidney?
presence of an additional third kidney.
What is renal hypoplasia?
A condition where one kidney is underdeveloped but contains normal nephrons.
What is renal fusion anomaly, and which is most common?
The fusion of two kidneys, with horseshoe kidney being the most common fusion anomaly.
A cyst-like dilatation of the ureter near its opening into the bladder, often congenital.
ureterocele
A congenital kidney disorder where multiple cysts form, leading to kidney dysfunction.
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
What are the two types of PKD?
Autosomal recessive PKD and autosomal dominant PKD.
A congenital condition characterized by dilatation of the renal tubules, leading to urinary stasis.
medullary sponge kidney
What is the most common bacterial infection of the urinary tract?
Urinary tract infection (UTI).
What bacteria is most commonly associated with UTIs?
Escherichia coli (E. coli).
A bacterial infection of the kidney’s calyces and renal pelvis, commonly caused by E. coli.
pyelonephritis
What is chronic pyelonephritis?
A recurrent or persistent kidney infection often caused by urine reflux from the bladder.
An inflammation of the glomeruli due to an immune response, often following a streptococcal infection.
glomerulonephritis
What is cystitis?
Inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by bacterial infection.
What is vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)?
The backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters, commonly associated with cystitis.
Thickening of the small blood vessels in the kidney, often associated with hypertension and diabetes.
nephrosclerosis
The loss of kidney function, either acute or chronic, leading to the buildup of waste products in the blood.
renal failure
What is hydronephrosis
Dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces due to obstruction of urine flow.
fluid-filled sac within the kidney, often asymptomatic but can cause obstruction if large.
renal cyst
What is renal cell carcinoma?
The most common type of kidney cancer, originating from the renal tubules.
A malignant kidney tumor in children,
Wilms tumor
Another term for Wilms tumor
nephroblastoma
type of cancer originating in the bladder, often related to smoking or exposure to industrial chemicals.
bladder carcinoma
What is a staghorn calculus?
A large kidney stone that takes the shape of the renal pelvis and calyces.
What is lithotripsy?
A medical procedure that uses shock waves to break up kidney stones.
What is nephroptosis?
The downward displacement of a kidney, also known as “floating kidney.”
A congenital condition where the kidney has two renal pelvises and ureters.
duplicated collecting system
What is the main function of the glomeruli in the kidneys?
Filtering blood to form urine.
What is uremia?
The accumulation of waste products in the blood due to kidney failure.
What is the purpose of dialysis?
To remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning.
The absence of one or both kidneys at birth.
renal agenesis
What condition is characterized by multiple cysts in both kidneys?
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD).
What is the function of the renal pelvis?
It collects urine from the kidney and funnels it into the ureter.
What is the “cobra head” sign associated with?
Ureterocele, which appears as a filling defect in the bladder on imaging.
High blood pressure caused by narrowing of the arteries supplying the kidneys (renal artery stenosis).
renal hypertension
What is hydronephrosis caused by?
An obstruction in the urinary tract, leading to a buildup of urine in the kidney.
What is a congenital anomaly involving a shortened ureter called?
A pelvic kidney, where the kidney is located lower than normal, sometimes with a shortened ureter.
What are the signs of a staghorn calculus?
A large, branching kidney stone that fills the renal pelvis and calyces, often causing obstruction.
What is glomerulosclerosis?
The hardening or scarring of the glomeruli in the kidney, often due to chronic kidney disease.
What is pyuria?
The presence of pus in the urine
What is renal dysplasia?
An abnormal development of the kidney tissue that can lead to reduced kidney function.
A bladder dysfunction caused by damage to the nervous system, often leading to urinary retention or incontinence.
neurogenic bladder
What is urolithiasis?
The formation of stones in the urinary tract, including the kidneys, bladder, or ureters.
What is cystitis often associated with in women?
Frequent UTIs due to a shorter urethra, which allows bacteria easier access to the bladder.
Calcification of the kidney, often due to high levels of calcium and phosphate in the urine.
nephrocalcinosis
A condition where the kidney becomes swollen due to urine buildup
hydronephrosis
A condition where the kidney is not in its normal anatomical position, often lower in the abdomen or pelvis.
renal ectopia
What is vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)?
backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters, often leading to kidney infections and damage.
