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RADIOLOGIC PATHOLOGY > URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

removes waste products from the blood and regulates water and electrolyte balance

A

urinary system

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2
Q

What condition involves the absence of a kidney?

A

Renal agenesis or aplasia.

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3
Q

What is compensatory hypertrophy?

A

enlargement of one kidney when the other is absent or underdeveloped.

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4
Q

What is Potter syndrome?

A

A condition involving the absence of both kidneys (bilateral agenesis), which is incompatible with life.

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4
Q

What is a supernumerary kidney?

A

presence of an additional third kidney.

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5
Q

What is renal hypoplasia?

A

A condition where one kidney is underdeveloped but contains normal nephrons.

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6
Q

What is renal fusion anomaly, and which is most common?

A

The fusion of two kidneys, with horseshoe kidney being the most common fusion anomaly.

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7
Q

A cyst-like dilatation of the ureter near its opening into the bladder, often congenital.

A

ureterocele

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8
Q

A congenital kidney disorder where multiple cysts form, leading to kidney dysfunction.

A

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

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9
Q

What are the two types of PKD?

A

Autosomal recessive PKD and autosomal dominant PKD.

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10
Q

A congenital condition characterized by dilatation of the renal tubules, leading to urinary stasis.

A

medullary sponge kidney

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11
Q

What is the most common bacterial infection of the urinary tract?

A

Urinary tract infection (UTI).

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12
Q

What bacteria is most commonly associated with UTIs?

A

Escherichia coli (E. coli).

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13
Q

A bacterial infection of the kidney’s calyces and renal pelvis, commonly caused by E. coli.

A

pyelonephritis

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14
Q

What is chronic pyelonephritis?

A

A recurrent or persistent kidney infection often caused by urine reflux from the bladder.

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15
Q

An inflammation of the glomeruli due to an immune response, often following a streptococcal infection.

A

glomerulonephritis

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16
Q

What is cystitis?

A

Inflammation of the bladder, usually caused by bacterial infection.

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17
Q

What is vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)?

A

The backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters, commonly associated with cystitis.

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18
Q

Thickening of the small blood vessels in the kidney, often associated with hypertension and diabetes.

A

nephrosclerosis

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19
Q

The loss of kidney function, either acute or chronic, leading to the buildup of waste products in the blood.

A

renal failure

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20
Q

What is hydronephrosis

A

Dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces due to obstruction of urine flow.

21
Q

fluid-filled sac within the kidney, often asymptomatic but can cause obstruction if large.

A

renal cyst

22
Q

What is renal cell carcinoma?

A

The most common type of kidney cancer, originating from the renal tubules.

23
Q

A malignant kidney tumor in children,

A

Wilms tumor

24
Q

Another term for Wilms tumor

A

nephroblastoma

25
Q

type of cancer originating in the bladder, often related to smoking or exposure to industrial chemicals.

A

bladder carcinoma

26
Q

What is a staghorn calculus?

A

A large kidney stone that takes the shape of the renal pelvis and calyces.

27
Q

What is lithotripsy?

A

A medical procedure that uses shock waves to break up kidney stones.

28
Q

What is nephroptosis?

A

The downward displacement of a kidney, also known as “floating kidney.”

29
Q

A congenital condition where the kidney has two renal pelvises and ureters.

A

duplicated collecting system

30
Q

What is the main function of the glomeruli in the kidneys?

A

Filtering blood to form urine.

31
Q

What is uremia?

A

The accumulation of waste products in the blood due to kidney failure.

32
Q

What is the purpose of dialysis?

A

To remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning.

33
Q

The absence of one or both kidneys at birth.

A

renal agenesis

34
Q

What condition is characterized by multiple cysts in both kidneys?

A

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD).

35
Q

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

A

It collects urine from the kidney and funnels it into the ureter.

36
Q

What is the “cobra head” sign associated with?

A

Ureterocele, which appears as a filling defect in the bladder on imaging.

37
Q

High blood pressure caused by narrowing of the arteries supplying the kidneys (renal artery stenosis).

A

renal hypertension

38
Q

What is hydronephrosis caused by?

A

An obstruction in the urinary tract, leading to a buildup of urine in the kidney.

39
Q

What is a congenital anomaly involving a shortened ureter called?

A

A pelvic kidney, where the kidney is located lower than normal, sometimes with a shortened ureter.

40
Q

What are the signs of a staghorn calculus?

A

A large, branching kidney stone that fills the renal pelvis and calyces, often causing obstruction.

41
Q

What is glomerulosclerosis?

A

The hardening or scarring of the glomeruli in the kidney, often due to chronic kidney disease.

42
Q

What is pyuria?

A

The presence of pus in the urine

43
Q

What is renal dysplasia?

A

An abnormal development of the kidney tissue that can lead to reduced kidney function.

44
Q

A bladder dysfunction caused by damage to the nervous system, often leading to urinary retention or incontinence.

A

neurogenic bladder

45
Q

What is urolithiasis?

A

The formation of stones in the urinary tract, including the kidneys, bladder, or ureters.

46
Q

What is cystitis often associated with in women?

A

Frequent UTIs due to a shorter urethra, which allows bacteria easier access to the bladder.

47
Q

Calcification of the kidney, often due to high levels of calcium and phosphate in the urine.

A

nephrocalcinosis

48
Q

A condition where the kidney becomes swollen due to urine buildup

A

hydronephrosis

49
Q

A condition where the kidney is not in its normal anatomical position, often lower in the abdomen or pelvis.

A

renal ectopia

50
Q

What is vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)?

A

backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters, often leading to kidney infections and damage.

RADIOLOGIC PATHOLOGY (13 decks)

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