SKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards
What is another name for Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)?
BRITTLE BONE DISEASE
What are the two clinical groups of Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)?
- OI congenita – fractures in utero;
- OI tarda – fractures at birth or later.
What does Achondroplasia result in?
Bone deformity and dwarfism.
What are the clinical features of Achondroplasia?
Short stature (around 4 feet), bowed legs, lumbar lordosis, bulky forehead, midface hypoplasia.
What is the most common inherited bone growth disorder?
Achondroplasia.
What is Osteopetrosis also known as?
Marble Bone Disease.
What is the main characteristic of Osteopetrosis?
Increased bone density and defective bone contour.
What is Syndactyly?
Failure of fingers/toes to separate, leading to webbed digits.
How is Syndactyly treated?
Surgery, usually recommended before age 2.
What is Polydactyly?
Presence of extra digits, typically treated with surgery.
What are the three types of Polydactyly?
Pre-axial, Post-axial, Central.
What is Clubfoot (Talipes)?
A congenital malformation of the foot that prevents normal weight bearing.
What is Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)?
A malformation of the acetabulum, causing the femur head to be displaced.
What can untreated Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip lead to?
Uneven limb length, muscle weakness, and abnormal gait.
What is Scoliosis?
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
At what age does Scoliosis typically occur?
During adolescence.
What is Spina Bifida?
Incomplete closure of the vertebral canal, common in the lumbosacral region.
What is Craniosynostosis?
Premature closure of cranial sutures, altering head shape.
What is Anencephaly?
A condition where the cranial vault and brain do not form, often resulting in early death.
What is Osteomyelitis?
Infection of the bone and bone marrow.
What is Tuberculosis of the bone most likely to affect?
Pott’s Disease
The hip, knee, and spine.
What is Psoriatic Arthritis?
Inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis, typically affecting the DIP joints.
What joints are most affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?
Small joints, symmetrically.
What is Ankylosing Spondylitis also known as?
Marie-Strumpell disease or Bamboo Spine.
What does Ankylosing Spondylitis affect?
Mainly the spine, causing the sacroiliac joints to ankylose.
What is Osteoarthritis commonly known as?
Degenerative Joint Disease or Wear-and-Tear Arthritis.
What are the common areas affected by Osteoarthritis?
Hands, hips, and knees.
What is Gouty Arthritis?
An inherited metabolic disorder causing excess uric acid to deposit in joints.
What is Bursitis?
Inflammation of the fluid-filled sacs (bursae) near joints, often affecting shoulders, elbows, and hips.
Anterior slipping of a vertebra.
SPONDYLOLISTHESIS
What is the hallmark appearance of Spondylolysis on radiographs?
A “scotty dog” with a “broken neck” appearance.
What is the most common benign bone tumor?
Osteochondroma (Exostosis).
Where is Osteochondroma most commonly found?
Lower femur or upper tibia.
What is Osteoma?
A slow-growing benign tumor, most commonly located in the skull.
What does an Endochondroma consist of?
Hyaline cartilage; it is a slow-growing benign tumor.
What are Simple Unicameral Bone Cysts filled with?
Fluid, surrounded by a wall of fibrous tissue.
What is the characteristic radiographic appearance of Giant Cell Tumor (Osteoclastoma)?
A “soap bubble” appearance.
What is the most common primary malignancy of the skeleton (excluding myeloma)?
Osteosarcoma.
Where does Osteosarcoma most commonly occur?
In the metaphysis of long bones, with 50% affecting the knee.
What age group does Ewing Sarcoma most commonly affect?
Children aged 5 to 15 years.
What is an Aneurysmal Bone Cyst?
A benign blood-filled lesion in the bone.
What is a Bone Island also known as?
Enostosis, a noncancerous lesion within the bone.
What is the primary cause of Multiple Myeloma?
Cancer of the bone marrow.
What is Osteoporosis characterized by?
Loss of bone mass across the entire skeleton.
What surgical technique is used for limb lengthening in Achondroplasia?
The Ilizarov procedure.
What is Albers-Schonberg disease another name for?
Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis.
What is the key characteristic of Albers-Schonberg disease?
Increased bone density with fairly normal bone contour.
What does Craniotubular Dysplasia cause?
Increased bone density and defective bone contour, primarily in the cranium and long bones.
What is Craniosynostosis associated with?
Premature or early closure of cranial sutures.
What is another term for Congenital Clubfoot?
TALIPES EQUINOVARUS
What is the difference between Complete and Incomplete Syndactyly?
Complete involves the whole fingers being joined, while Incomplete involves partial joining.
How is Polydactyly classified based on digit location?
Pre-axial (thumb/big toe)
Post-axial (little finger/little toe)
Central (between fingers/toes).
What type of casting is used for Clubfoot treatment?
Ponseti casting.
What is the most common cause of Transitional Vertebra?
Occurs at the junction between the thoracic and lumbar spine or lumbar and sacral spine.
What condition results in a gap in the vertebral canal and commonly affects the lumbosacral spine?
Spina Bifida.
What is Infectious Arthritis?
Inflammation of the joint caused by bacterial infections such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococci, and Neisseria gonorrhea.
What joint is first affected in Ankylosing Spondylitis?
The sacroiliac joints.
What is another term for Ankylosing Spondylitis?
Bamboo Spine.
What is the cause of Gouty Arthritis?
Excess amounts of uric acid deposited in the joints.
What is the primary location for Bursitis to occur?
Shoulders, elbows, and hips.
What is Anterolisthesis?
Anterior slipping of the vertebral body.
Posterior slipping of the vertebral body.
RETROLISTHESIS
A benign bone tumor that most commonly occurs in the skull.
OSTEOMA
What are the radiographic features of Giant Cell Tumor?
Soap bubble appearance, especially at the ends of long bones.
What is Multiple Myeloma?
A type of bone marrow cancer.
What disease results in accelerated bone resorption leading to decreased bone density?
Osteoporosis.
What condition affects the immature skeleton, causing bone deformities due to poor mineralization?
Rickets.
What are common sites affected by Paget’s Disease?
pelvis, skull, spine, and legs.
What is the main characteristic of Paget’s Disease?
Interference with the normal bone recycling process, causing abnormal bone structure.
What is a Pathologic Fracture?
A break in a bone caused by an underlying disease rather than injury.
What are the three types of fractures based on cause?
Trauma fractures,
Pathologic fractures
Stress fractures.
What causes Stress Fractures?
Repetitive force or overuse, often in weight-bearing bones.
What is the Battered-Child Syndrome?
Injuries sustained by a child as a result of repeated mistreatment or physical abuse.
What does a subtractive (lytic) disease process indicate in radiology?
A destructive process decreasing normal tissue density, requiring a decrease in exposure technique.
What does an additive (sclerotic) disease process indicate in radiology?
An increase in normal tissue density, requiring an increase in exposure technique.
