GI SYSTEM Flashcards
Congenital absence or closure of a normal body orifice/tubular organ.
Atresia
What is Esophageal Atresia?
A rare congenital anomaly where the esophagus fails to develop past a certain point, causing discontinuation.
What are common symptoms of Esophageal Atresia?
Excessive salivation, choking, gagging, dyspnea, and cyanosis.
What is the primary diagnostic sign of Esophageal Atresia?
Inability to pass a nasogastric (NG) tube into the stomach.Q
Discontinuation of the ileum; the most frequent type of bowel atresia.
Ileal Atresia
Absence of the duodenal lumen, causing complete obstruction of the GI tract.
Duodenal Atresia
What radiologic sign indicates Duodenal Atresia?
Double-bubble sign.
What is Colonic Atresia?
Failure of development of the distal rectum and anus.
What is a frequent complication of Colonic Atresia?
Fistula formation to the genitourinary system.
What is Imperforate Anus?
Absence of an anal opening to the exterior.
Another term for imperforate anus
anal agenesis
Congenital narrowing of the pyloric canal due to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the pyloric sphincter.
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (HPS)
What is the most common indication for surgery in infants?
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (HPS).
How is Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis typically diagnosed?
Through palpation of the “olive” sign or sonography.
What is Malrotation?
Condition where the intestines are not in their normal position.
What is the gold standard imaging modality for Malrotation?
Upper Gastrointestinal Series (UGIS).
absence of neurons in the bowel wall.
Hirschsprung Disease
another term for hirschsprung Disease?
Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon
What part of the bowel is typically affected by Hirschsprung Disease?
The sigmoid colon.
What is Meckel’s Diverticulum?
A congenital diverticulum of the distal ileum.
what symptoms mimic appendicitis but differ by location of pain?
Meckel’s Diverticulum.
What is Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy?
autoimmune hereditary disorder involving sensitivity to gluten.
another term for Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy
Celiac disease
What radiographic changes are seen in Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy?
Segmentation of the barium column, flocculation, and edematous mucosal changes.
Narrowing of the esophagus often caused by ingestion of caustic materials or GERD.
Esophageal Stricture
Backward flow of gastric acid and contents into the esophagus due to an incompetent cardiac sphincter.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
What is a Peptic Ulcer?
Erosion of the mucous membrane, commonly in the duodenum or stomach.
What is the main symptom of a Peptic Ulcer?
Pain above the epigastrium, radiating throughout the abdomen.
Inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach and small bowel, often caused by bacterial contamination in food.
Gastroenteritis
What bacteria commonly cause Gastroenteritis?
Salmonella
What is Crohn’s Disease also known as?
Granulomatous Colitis.
What is the radiographic appearance of Crohn’s Disease?
Cobblestone appearance due to mucosal edema and crisscrossing ulcerations.
It appears when the terminal ileum is so stenotic that only a small amount of barium can pass through.
“string sign” in Crohn’s Disease?
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix, often due to obstruction by a fecalith.
Appendicitis
What are common symptoms of Appendicitis?
Pain in the RLQ, nausea, vomiting, and fever.
An inflammatory lesion of the colonic mucosa, thought to be autoimmune in nature.
Ulcerative Colitis
Loss of colon haustration seen in Ulcerative Colitis.
“lead pipe” sign
What are complications of Ulcerative Colitis?
Toxic megacolon and colon strictures.
Dilated, lengthened varicose veins in the esophagus, often caused by portal hypertension.
Esophageal Varices
What imaging position best demonstrates Esophageal Varices?
Recumbent position.
What is an Inguinal Hernia?
Protrusion of a bowel loop through the inguinal ring, common in men.
What is a Hiatal Hernia?
Weakness of the esophageal hiatus, allowing the stomach to herniate into the thoracic cavity.
What is the Schatzki Ring?
mucosal ring that protrudes into the esophageal lumen, often seen with Hiatal Hernias.
Occlusion of the bowel lumen due to hernias, tumors, or adhesions.
Mechanical Bowel Obstruction?
Twisting of a bowel loop about its mesenteric base, typically at the sigmoid or ileocecal junction.
Volvulus
segment of bowel telescopes into a distal segment, causing obstruction.
Intussusception
Gallstone erodes from the gallbladder and creates a fistula in the small bowel, leading to obstruction.
Gallstone Ileus
Failure of normal peristalsis, often caused by surgery or infection.
Paralytic Ileus
What is Achalasia?
Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax, causing dysphagia.
Radiographic sign of Achalasia, where the esophagus narrows near the LES.
“beaked” appearance
An outpouching of mucosa that penetrates through the muscular layer of the esophagus.
Esophageal Diverticulum
Another term for easophageal diverticulum
zenkers diverticulum
What is the difference between Pulsion and Traction Esophageal Diverticulum?
Pulsion involves only mucosa
Traction involves all layers of the esophagus.
Difference between diverticulosis and diverticulitis
DIVERTICULOSIS - Presence of diverticula in the colon without inflammation.
DIVERTICULITIS - Inflammation of a diverticulum, often in the sigmoid colon.
Benign smooth muscle tumors found in the esophagus.
Leiomyomas
Cancer that arises in the body of the esophagus.
Squamous Cell Carcinomas
What is the most common site of stomach tumors?
pyloric and antrum regions of the stomach.
What is a Colonic Polyp?
A small mass of tissue projecting inward into the bowel lumen.
benign polyp that may undergo dysplastic changes to become malignant.
Adenomatous Polyp
most common GI cancer.
Colorectal Cancer
What is the most common type of Colorectal Cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
A radiographic sign of colorectal cancer, where the edges of the lesion overhang and form acute angles.
apple-core” lesion
A hernia that can be pushed back into the abdominal cavity.
Reducible Hernia
A hernia that becomes stuck and cannot be reduced.
Incarcerated Hernia?
A hernia where the blood supply to the bowel loop is cut off.
Strangulated Hernia
A sign of Intussusception, where a segment of the bowel telescopes into another.
“coiled spring”
What are the common sites of Volvulus?
The sigmoid and ileocecal junctions.
What is the most common location for Diverticulosis?
The sigmoid colon.
What is the preferred imaging modality for diagnosing Peptic Ulcers?
Endoscopy.
difficulty swallowing
Dysphagia
Acute dilation of the colon due to colonic paralytic ileus, often a complication of Ulcerative Colitis.
Toxic Megacolon
What is the best diagnostic test for Esophageal Diverticulum?
Barium swallow.
polyp that is broad-based and attached directly to the bowel wall.
Sessile Polyp
A polyp attached to the bowel wall by a stalk.
Pedunculated Polyp?
A hereditary condition leading to multiple polyps in the colon, increasing the risk of colorectal cancer.
Familial Polyposis
