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RAD PATHOLOGY > HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

This is the largest organ inside the body

A

liver

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2
Q

What are the functions of the liver

A

synthesize & detoxify substancs

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3
Q

What 2 arteries are connected to the liver

A

hepatic artery and portal vein

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4
Q

this is where the storage & concentration of bile takes place

A

gallbladder

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5
Q

system of ducts that acts to drain bile from the liver to the duodenum

A

Biliary Tree

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6
Q

What is the correct passage way of the bile in the biliary tree?

A
  1. right and left hepatic duct
  2. common hepatic duct
  3. gallbladder
  4. common bile duct
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7
Q

what duct is between the hepatic duct and the gallbladder

A

cystic duct

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8
Q

where does the bile exit

A

common bile duct

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9
Q

what is another term for the hepatopancreatic duct

A

sphincter of ODDI

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10
Q

what is the combined duct of the hepatic & pancreatic

A

Ampulla of Vater or hepatopancreatic ampulla

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11
Q

Which hormone triggers the release of the bile to the duodenum

A

cholecystokenin

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12
Q

this is an elongated flat digestive organ

A

pancreas

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13
Q

2 functions of pancreas

A

endocrine and exocrine

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14
Q

this is concerned in the production of 3 digestive enzymes

A

exocrine

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15
Q

what are the 3 digestive enzymes produced in the exocrine

A

amylase, trypsin and lipase

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16
Q

this enzyme assist in the digestion of protein

A

trypsin

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17
Q

what is the function of amylase

A

assist the digestion of large molecules of starch into maltose then into glucose

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18
Q

what is the function of lipase

A

assist in breaking down lipids into fatty acids & glycerol

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19
Q

this are specialized cells in the endocrine function of the pancrease

A

islet of langerhans

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20
Q

what does the endocrine function do?

A

IL releases alpha cells (produces glucagon; increase sugar) & beta cells (insulin; decrease sugar)

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21
Q

Visualize the biliary tree & involves insertion of a needle into the biliary tree by puncture directly through the wall of the abdomen

A

PERCUTANEOUS TRANSHEPATIC CHOLANGIOGRAPHY

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22
Q

what kind of needle is used in percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography?

A

Uses a flexible, 22-gauge, skinny needle (CHIBA)

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23
Q

When is the percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography used?

A

detecting presence of calculi/tumor in the distal CBD

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24
Q

this is Performed by gastroenterologist

A

ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY

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25
Q

the ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY is used to?

A
  • Visualize the biliary system & main pancreatic duct
  • Provides drainage for the pancreatic enzymes into both the digestive tract & the common bile duct
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26
Q

What kind of instrument is used in the ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY

A

thin catheter

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27
Q
  • Performed during surgery at the time of a cholecystectomy to detect biliary calculi
A

OPERATIVE CHOLANGIOGRAPHY

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28
Q

How much CM is injected during an operative cholangiography?

A

6 ml

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29
Q
  • Used after cholecystectomy to demo patency of the CBD and to check for calculi
A

T-TUBE CHOLANGIOGRAPHY

30
Q

What kind of tube is used in T-TUBE CHOLANGIOGRAPHY

A

t-shaped tube

31
Q
  • Good choice for imaging the gallbladder & biliary tree
A

diagnostic ultrasound

32
Q

What mode is used during the ultrasound of gallbladder & biliary tree?

A

m-mode

33
Q
  • Accepted modality for following malignancies * assessing masses
A

CT SCAN

34
Q
  • Helpful in evaluating complications of cholecystitis such as perforations & abscess formations
A

CT SCAN

35
Q
  • Does not require a contrast agent
A

MRI CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY

36
Q

a known toxin causing cellular damage

A

alcohol

37
Q

as alcohol cant be stored in the body, what processes does the liver need to do?

A

the liver must convert it through oxidation, to alcohol dehydrogenase, acetaldehyde, and acetate, all of w/c to reduce cellular function

38
Q

this is the most frequent early response to alcohol abuse

A

fatty liver

39
Q
  • Fatty infiltration may be demoed by
A

ct/sonography

40
Q

In CT scan, a liver is considered to be fatty if…

A

its HU is equal to the HU of the spleen (Under normal circumstances, the liver should appear light-gray and the spleen dark gray)

41
Q

who is prone to fatty liver disease?

A
  • Obsess individuals w/ type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, HYPERLIPIDEMIA
42
Q
  • Chronic liver condition in w/c liver parenchyma & architecture are destroyed, fibrous tissue is laid down, & regenerative nodules are formed
A

liver cirrhosis

43
Q

what is ascites

A
  • Accumulation of fluid w/in the peritoneal cavity
44
Q
  • Seen as a result of portal hypertensions & the leakage of excessive fluids from the portal capillaries
A

ascites

45
Q
  • Acute inflammation of the gallbladder
A

cholecystitis

46
Q

symptoms of cholecystitis

A

a sudden onset of pain, faver, nausea, vomiting

47
Q

cholecystitis is common in?

A

individuals w/ chronically symptomatic cholelithiasis

48
Q

what modality demoes cholecystitis the best?

A
  • CHOLESCINTOGRAPHY
49
Q
  • Inflammation of the pancreatic tissue
A

pancreatitis

50
Q
  • One of the most complex & clinically challenging disorders of the abdomen & is classified as acute/chronic, accdg. To clinical, morphologic & histologic criteria
A

pancreatitis

51
Q

what are the causes of pancreatitis

A
  • Causes include excessive & chronic alcohol consumption, obstruction of the hepatopancreatic ampulla by a gallstone or tumor & even the injection of contrast media during ERCP
52
Q
  • Yellowish discoloration of the skin & whites of the eyes, is not a disease itself but rather a sign of disease
A

jaundice

53
Q

what’s the difference between medical and surgical jaundice?

A

MJ - non-obstructive; occurs because of hemolytic disease, in w/c too many RBC are destroyed/ because of liver damage from cirrhosis or hepatitis

SJ - obstructive; occurs when biliary system is obstructed & prevents the bile from entering the duodenum. A common cause of this obstruction is blockage of the CBD caused by stones/masses

54
Q

another term for cholelithiasis

A

gallstones

55
Q
  • Hardened deposits of digestive fluid
A

cholelithiasis

56
Q

symptoms of cholelithiasis

A

bloating, nausea, & pain in the right upper quadrant

57
Q

most people get it by eating/drinking something that’s tainted by fecal matter.

A

hepatitis a

58
Q

the incubation period of hepatitis a

A

15-50 days

59
Q

transmitted parenteral through injections or unprotected sex

A

hepa b

60
Q

incubation period of hepa b -

A

50-150 days

61
Q

what is hepatitis c?

A

– comes from infected blood that gets into your blood. Can be caused by shared needles of in connection w/ HIV. Symptoms may not show for many years.

62
Q

who are at most risk for hepa c

A

baby boomers

63
Q

what is hepatocellular adenoma?

A

benign tumor of liver

64
Q

what modalities are used to demo hepatocellular adenoma

A

ct/sonography

65
Q
  • Benign neoplasm composed of newly formed blood vessels & these may form in other places w/in the body
A

hemangioma

66
Q
  • Most common type of primary liver cancer
  • Occurs most often in people w/ chronic liver diseases like cirrhosis
A

hepatocellular carcinoma

67
Q
  • more common than primary carcinoma because of the liver’s role in filtering blood
A

metastatic liver disease

68
Q

it is the most common site for metastasis

A

liver

69
Q
  • “Porcelain gallbladder”
A

carcinoma of gallbladder

70
Q

usually rapidly fatal & its diagnosis is difficult because of the location of the pancreas & lack of symptoms before the extensive local spread

A

carcinoma of pancreas/ pancreatic cancer

RAD PATHOLOGY (2 decks)

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