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RAD PATHOLOGY > RESPIRATORY SYSTEM > Flashcards

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

2 functions of the respiratory system

A

ventilation & diffusion

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2
Q

2 divisions of the respiratory system

A

upper and lower respiratory tract

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3
Q

what comprises the upper respiratory tract?

A

nose, pharynx, sinuses, mouth, larynx

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4
Q

what comprises the lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

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5
Q
  • Serves as the opening for the pulling of air
A

mouth

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6
Q
  • Tube that delivers air from the mouth going to the trachea
A

pharynx

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7
Q

3 types of pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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8
Q

among the 3 types of pharynx which is most superior \?

A

nasopharynx

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9
Q

pharynx that is located to posteriorly to the mouth

A

oropharynx

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10
Q

where is the laryngopharynx located?

A

inferior to oropharynx

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11
Q
  • Located inferior to the pharynx
A

larynx

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12
Q
  • a hollow area between the facial bone that help regulate the temperature and humidity of the air
A

sinuses

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13
Q

what are the different types of sinuses

A

frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, spenoid

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14
Q

which sinus is the most superior?

A

frontal

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15
Q

which sinuses are the biggest & smallest?

A

b - maxillary, s - ethmoid

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16
Q

which sinus is the most posterior?

A

spenoid

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17
Q
  • passage that connects the throat and the lungs
A

trachea

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18
Q

where is the trachea located?

A

behind the esophagus

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19
Q

what are alveoli?

A

tiny-air sacs that look like grapes

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20
Q
  • contains almost 5,000,000 alveolus
A

lungs

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21
Q

what are the lobes of the lungs?

A

r - superior, middle, inferior
l - superior & inferior

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22
Q

what do you call the division of lungs?

A

fissures

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23
Q
  • Contains all thoracic organs except lungs
A

mediastinum

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24
Q

which organ occupies most of the mediastinum?

A

heart

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25
Q

what are the other organs located in the mediastinum?

A

thyroid, thymus glands, nervous and lymphatic tissues

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26
Q

parts of mediastinum

A
  1. Anterior mediastinal masses
  2. Middle mediastinal masses
  3. Posterior mediastinal masses
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27
Q
  • In infants, _______ appears WIDE because the _____ is normally large in a healthy infant
A

thymus

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28
Q

what projection/s fills the anterior portion of the mediastinum?

A

PA & LAT

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29
Q
  • PA & LAT fills the anterior portion of the mediastinum w/c refers to as _____
A

SAIL SIGN

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30
Q

another name for pneumomediastinum

A

spinnaker sign or angel wing sign

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31
Q

another name for spinnaker sign or angel wing sign

A

pneumomediastinum

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32
Q

a kind of condition wherein there’s there’s disruption in the esophagus/airway and air is trapped in the mediastinum

A
  • MEDIASTINAL EMPHYSEMA or pneumomediastinum
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33
Q

when pneumomediastinum is extensive, air may pass from the mediastinum into the subcutaneous tissue of the chest/neck

A

subcutaneous emphysema

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34
Q

how can a diagnosis of subcutaneous emphysema be made?

A

feeling air bubbles in skin of the chest/neck

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35
Q

what kind of imaging is commonly used especially in pediatrics

A

CR & DR

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36
Q

harder than normal to penetrate (any condition that adds fluid/tissue to the chest)

A

additive pathologies

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37
Q

easier than normal to penetrate (any condition that increases the aeration of the chest/ decreases the parenchymal tissue of chest)

A

SUBTRACTIVE PATHOLOGIES

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38
Q

what are the standard techniques for the respiratory system

A

PA & LAT 72 in SID

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39
Q

what is pectus excavatum

A

depressed chest that can be due to a congenital anomaly

40
Q

what is pectus cranium

A

– there’s an abnormal outward of the chest.

41
Q
  • Allows high-resolution, thin-slice thicknesses ranging from 1-1.5 cm
A

CT SCAN

42
Q
  • Captures information regarding metabolic activity
A

PET SCAN

43
Q

what is the primary agent used in lungs during a pet scan

A

FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE (FDG)

44
Q
  • Injection of radionuclide into the venous system for a perfusion causes it to become trapped in the pulmonary circulation
A

NUCLEAR MEDICINE

45
Q

what radioactive gas is inhaled by the patient during nuclear medicine?

A

xenon

46
Q
  • Large plastic tube inserted through the px’s nose/mouth into the trachea.
A

endotracheal tube

47
Q
  • large plastic tube inserted through the chest wall between the ribs
A

chest tube

48
Q
  • A catheter that provides an alternative injection site to compensate for loss of peripheral infusion site
A

central venous pressure

49
Q
  • Inserted via the subclavian vein but other injection sites include antecubital vein, jugular vein, femoral vein
A

pulmonary artery catheter

50
Q

what kind of catheter is used in pulmonary artery?

A

swan-ganz

51
Q

injection sites of pulmonary artery catheter

A

antecubital vein, jugular vein, femoral vein

52
Q
  • Allow multiple tapping for injection of various agents, typically chemotherapeutics
A

port-a-cath

53
Q

balloon at the distal end of the catheter allows inflation and deflation by a pump that is synchronized to the px’s cardiac cycle to provide mechanical support of the left ventricle

A

intra-aortic balloon pump

54
Q

how many can the balloon at the intra-aortic balloon pump can hold

A

40 ml

55
Q
  • Used to describe lack of respiratory function/ lack of oxygen & CO2 exchange.
A

respiratory failure

56
Q

what are the 2 instances respiratory failure can occur?

A
  1. W/in the lungs (intrapulmonary gas exchange)
  2. Result of impaired breathing (inability to move air into and out of the lungs)
57
Q

what are the signs of respiratory failure

A

exhibit tachypnea, tachycardia/ gasping breathing patterns and paradoxic abdominal motion

58
Q
  • Low oxygen levels w/in arterial blood & results from a failure of gas exchange function
A

hypoxemia

59
Q
  • If hypoxemia is acute, it may cause_____
A

cardiac arrhythmias & alteration of consciousness ranging from confusion to coma

60
Q
  • Failure of ventilation resulting in the inability to move air into & out of the lungs, with consequent increased blood CO2 content
A

hypercapnia

61
Q
  • Results from genetic defect transmitted as an autosomal recessive gene that affects the function of exocrine glands
A

cystic fibrosis

62
Q
  • Dehydration of mucous layer leads to an accumulation of viscous secretions that obstruct the airway
A

cystic fibrosis

63
Q

another name for hyaline membrane disease

A

respiratory Distress syndrome

64
Q
  • Affects infants due to incomplete maturation of the Type II alveolar cells w/in the surfactant-producing system causing unstable alveoli
A

hyaline membrane disease

65
Q
  • Results in alveolar collapse w/ widespread atelectasis (complete/partial collapse of entire lobe/lung)
A

hyaline membrane disease

66
Q
  • Most frequent type of lung infection
A

pneumonia

67
Q

main causes of pneumonia

A

bacteria, viruses & mycoplasms

68
Q

bacteria that causes pneumonia

A
  1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)
  2. Staphylococcus Aureus
  3. Heamophiuls
  4. H. influenza
  5. Legionelle Pneumophilia
69
Q

kinds of pneumonia

A

lobar, segmental, bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia

70
Q

best modality to diagnose pneumonia

A

chest radiograph

71
Q

symptoms of pneumonia

A

COUGH, FEVER, SPUTUM PRODUCTION

72
Q
  • Permanent, abnormal dilation of one/ more large bronchi as a result of the destruction of the elastic & muscular components of the bronchial wall
A

bronchiectasis

73
Q

what lines could be seen on a bronchiectasis radiograph?

A

tram lines

74
Q
  • Caused by inhalation of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
A

pulmonary tuberculosis

75
Q

primary means of diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

SPUTUM TEST/LAB CULTURE

76
Q

aside from SPUTUM TEST/LAB CULTURE, what other test can be used to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis

A

mantoux test - skin test

77
Q
  • Group of disorders that cause chronic airway obstructions
A

COPD

78
Q
  • lung’s alveoli become distended, usually from loss of elasticity or interference w/ expiration
A

emphysema

79
Q
  • chronic inflammation of the bronchial system resulting in airway obstruction & bronchial hyper responsiveness
A

asthma

80
Q
  • infection of the main airways of the lungs (bronchi), causing them to become irritated & inflamed.
A

bronchitis

81
Q
  • result in pulmonary fibrosis from inhalation of foreign inorganic dust, most commonly from a particular work environment
A

pneumoconioses

82
Q

types of pneumoconioses

A

silicosis, anthracosis, abestosis

83
Q
  • oldest known pneumoconiosis, results from inhaling silica (quartz) dust and is common among miners, grinders & sand-blasters
A

silicosis

84
Q
  • inhalation of coal dust over an extended period of about 20 yrs.
A

anthracosis

85
Q

another term for anthracosis

A

black lung disease

86
Q

what is asbestosis

A
  • Inhalation of asbestos dust (found in building materials and insulation), w/c causes chronic injury to lungs
87
Q
  • Localized area of dead lung tissue by inflammatory debris
A

lung abscess

88
Q

where is lung abscess more common?

A

right lung

89
Q
  • Pus-filled pockets that develop in the pleural space
A

epmyema

90
Q
  • Used to indicate inconsequential thoracic pain
A

pleurisy

91
Q
  • Excess fluids that collects in the pleural cavity
  • Frequent manifestation of serious thoracic disease, usually pulmonary or cardiac in origin
A

pleural effusion

92
Q

what is hemothorax

A

pleural effusion containing blood

93
Q

what is the best position to diagnose pleural effusion?

A

erect

94
Q
  • Usually considered benign but are included in WHO’s classification of lung cancer as they tend to invade local tissues, w/c sometimes metastasize
A

BRONCHIAL CARCINOID TUMOR

95
Q
  • Tumors originating in the lung parenchyma/ w/in the bronchi
A

BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA

RAD PATHOLOGY (2 decks)

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