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RADIOLOGIC PATHOLOGY > CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

A congenital condition where the ductus arteriosus, a vessel between the pulmonary artery and aorta, fails to close after birth.

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

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2
Q

What is Coarctation of the Aorta?

A

Narrowing of the aorta at the site where the ductus arteriosus closes, causing decreased blood flow to the lower body.

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3
Q

What are common radiographic signs of Coarctation of the Aorta?

A

Two bulges of the aorta and rib notching caused by enlarged collateral vessels.

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4
Q

What is a Septal Defect?

A

A defect in the wall (septum) that separates the heart’s chambers, allowing blood to be shunted between the chambers.

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5
Q

What are the two main types of Septal Defects?

A

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) and Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD).

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6
Q

Which Septal Defect is more serious, ASD or VSD?

A

VSD

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7
Q

A congenital heart defect where the aorta arises from the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle, creating two separate circulatory systems.

A

Transposition of the Great Vessels?

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8
Q

What are the four components of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Pulmonary stenosis,
ventricular septal defect,
overriding aorta,
right ventricular hypertrophy.

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9
Q

What is the classic radiographic appearance of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

A boot-shaped heart.

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10
Q

Abnormalities in the heart valves, such as stenosis or incompetency, which can lead to heart failure.

A

Valvular Disease

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11
Q

A condition where the mitral valve does not close properly, allowing blood to leak back into the atrium during systole.

A

Mitral Valve Prolapse

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12
Q

A condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs, leading to congestion of the circulatory system.

A

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

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13
Q

What is the primary cause of left-sided heart failure?

A

Hypertension.

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14
Q

What radiographic signs indicate left-sided heart failure?

A

Cardiomegaly and pulmonary vascular congestion.

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15
Q

What is Right-Sided Heart Failure?

A

Failure of the right ventricle to pump blood efficiently, leading to systemic venous congestion and peripheral edema.

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16
Q

What is the primary cause of Right-Sided Heart Failure?

A

Pulmonary hypertension, often caused by lung diseases.

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17
Q

What is Cor Pulmonale?

A

Right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension.

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18
Q

A degenerative condition characterized by the buildup of fibrofatty plaques in arteries, leading to narrowing and hardening.

A

Atherosclerosis

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19
Q

What are risk factors for Atherosclerosis?

A

High LDL cholesterol,
smoking,
hypertension,
diabetes,
obesity
sedentary lifestyle.

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20
Q

A condition caused by the buildup of plaques in the coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart.

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

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21
Q

What are common complications of CAD?

A

Angina pectoris,
myocardial infarction (MI),
heart failure.

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22
Q

What is the primary cause of Myocardial Infarction (MI)?

A

An acute thrombus in a coronary artery leading to ischemia and necrosis of heart muscle.

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23
Q

What is the primary symptom of Myocardial Infarction?

A

Severe chest pain that may radiate to the left arm or neck.

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24
Q

What are the three types of Aneurysms?

A

Saccular
fusiform,
dissecting

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25
Q

A type of aneurysm where A localized bulge on one side of an artery wall, often occurring in cerebral arteries.

A

Saccular Aneurysm

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26
Q

A type of aneurysm where A bulge that affects the entire circumference of an artery, often found in the abdominal aorta.

A

Fusiform Aneurysm

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27
Q

What is a Dissecting Aneurysm?

A

A tear in the arterial wall that allows blood to flow between the layers of the wall, forming an intramural hematoma.

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28
Q

What is the primary imaging modality for detecting Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAAs)?

A

Ultrasound, MRI, and CT.

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29
Q

What is the threshold for surgical repair of an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)?

A

An aneurysm larger than 6 cm in diameter.

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30
Q

The formation of blood clots within a vein, often in the lower extremities.

A

Venous Thrombosis

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31
Q

What is the most serious complication of Venous Thrombosis?

A

pulmonary embolism (PE)

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32
Q

A blockage of a pulmonary artery caused by a blood clot, fat, or air embolism.

A

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

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33
Q

What are common causes of Aortic Dissection?

A

Hypertension,
atherosclerosis,
connective tissue disorders.

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34
Q

What is a Greenfield filter used for?

A

To prevent pulmonary emboli by trapping clots in the inferior vena cava.

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35
Q

What are the most common locations for atherosclerotic plaque buildup?

A

Coronary arteries
aorta
carotid arteries.

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36
Q

What is Mitral Valve Stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the mitral valve, reducing blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

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37
Q

What is Cardiomegaly?

A

Enlargement of the heart, often seen in congestive heart failure.

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38
Q

What is the “boot-shaped” heart a sign of?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot.

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39
Q

What is the “water bottle” sign on a chest radiograph indicative of?

A

Pericardial effusion.

40
Q

What is the “snowman” sign seen on a chest radiograph?

A

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return.

41
Q

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, often caused by bacterial infection.

A

Endocarditis

42
Q

What is the most common cause of Infective Endocarditis?

A

Streptococcal or staphylococcal infection.

43
Q

Thickening of the heart muscle, particularly the septum, reducing blood flow out of the heart.

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

44
Q

A disease of the heart muscle that affects its ability to pump blood.

A

Cardiomyopathy

45
Q

What is the most common cause of Sudden Cardiac Death in young athletes?

A

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

46
Q

A condition in which the heart’s ability to pump blood is decreased because the heart’s main pumping chamber is enlarged and weakened.

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

47
Q

What is the hallmark symptom of Dilated Cardiomyopathy?

A

Fatigue and shortness of breath.

48
Q

What is Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?

A

A condition where the walls of the heart become rigid, restricting the heart’s ability to fill with blood.

49
Q

An abnormal bulging of the wall of the aorta.

A

Aortic Aneurysm

50
Q

What is the “knuckle” sign on a chest X-ray?

A

A finding indicative of pulmonary embolism.

51
Q

What is the gold standard imaging modality for diagnosing Aortic Dissection?

A

CT angiography.

52
Q

What is the most common cause of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

A

Atherosclerosis.

53
Q

What is the primary treatment for Coronary Artery Disease?

A

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

54
Q

What is the “apple-core” lesion a sign of?

A

Atherosclerotic narrowing of an artery.

55
Q

Inflammation of the heart muscle, often caused by viral infections.

A

Myocarditis

56
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart.

A

Pericarditis

57
Q

What is a Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm?

A

Aneurysm of the thoracic aorta, often caused by trauma or congenital anomalies.

58
Q

What is a common cause of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm?

A

Marfan syndrome.

59
Q

What is the “three sign” in a chest X-ray indicative of?

A

Coarctation of the aorta.

60
Q

An aneurysm in the popliteal artery, which is located behind the knee.

A

Popliteal Aneurysm

61
Q

Death of lung tissue caused by blockage of the blood supply to the lungs, often due to pulmonary embolism.

A

Pulmonary Infarction

62
Q

What is the most common cause of Pulmonary Hypertension?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

63
Q

What is a Saccular Aneurysm most commonly associated with?

A

Cerebral aneurysms.

64
Q

What is the difference between Stable Angina and Unstable Angina?

A

Stable angina occurs with exertion and is relieved by rest,

unstable angina occurs at rest and is a medical emergency.

65
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect?

A

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD).

66
Q

What is the primary symptom of an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)?

A

A heart murmur.

67
Q

A life-threatening condition where the heart suddenly can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.

A

Cardiogenic Shock

68
Q

What are the common causes of Cardiogenic Shock?

A

Severe heart attack (MI), heart failure, or arrhythmias.

69
Q

What is the most common cause of Sudden Cardiac Death?

A

Ventricular fibrillation.

70
Q

What is the most common cause of Pulmonary Embolism?

A

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

71
Q

What is the hallmark radiographic sign of Heart Failure on chest X-ray?

A

Cardiomegaly and pulmonary edema.

72
Q

What is the “bat wing” appearance on chest X-ray indicative of?

A

Pulmonary edema.

73
Q

Narrowing of the aortic valve, leading to obstructed blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.

A

Aortic Stenosis

74
Q

What is Tricuspid Valve Stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the tricuspid valve, reducing blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

75
Q

Narrowing of the pulmonary valve, obstructing blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries.

A

Pulmonary Valve Stenosis

76
Q

Backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to improper closure of the mitral valve.

A

Mitral Regurgitation

77
Q

Increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries, leading to right heart failure.

A

Pulmonary Artery Hypertension (PAH)

78
Q

A congenital condition where the aortic valve has only two leaflets instead of three.

A

Bicuspid Aortic Valve

79
Q

small, painless red lesion on the palms or soles, often seen in Infective Endocarditis.

A

Janeway lesion

80
Q

A painful, red nodule on the fingers or toes, seen in Infective Endocarditis.

A

Osler node

81
Q

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, compressing the heart and reducing its ability to pump.

A

Cardiac Tamponade

82
Q

What is the Beck’s Triad associated with Cardiac Tamponade?

A

Hypotension
muffled heart sounds
jugular venous distention.

83
Q

Stress-induced cardiomyopathy, often mimicking a heart attack but without blocked coronary arteries.

A

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

84
Q

What is the hallmark radiographic sign of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy?

A

Left ventricular ballooning, often seen in echocardiography.

85
Q

What is the common term for Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy?

A

Broken heart syndrome.

86
Q

What is an Aortic Ulcer

A

A penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer that can lead to intramural hematoma or aortic dissection.

87
Q

A congenital heart defect where the tricuspid valve is abnormally formed and positioned.

A

Ebstein’s Anomaly

88
Q

Excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac around the heart.

A

Pericardial Effusion

89
Q

tear in the inner layer of the aorta, allowing blood to flow between the layers of the aortic wall.

A

Aortic Dissection

90
Q

What is the “false lumen” seen in an Aortic Dissection?

A

The new channel created between the layers of the aortic wall due to the dissection.

91
Q

What is the DeBakey Classification of Aortic Dissection?

A

A classification system that divides dissections into three types based on location:

Type I (ascending and descending aorta),
Type II (ascending aorta only),
Type III (descending aorta only).

92
Q

A genetic disorder that affects connective tissue, often leading to cardiovascular complications such as aortic aneurysm.

A

Marfan Syndrome

93
Q

A heart attack that occurs without noticeable symptoms.

A

Silent Myocardial Infarction

94
Q

What group is most likely to experience a Silent Myocardial Infarction?

A

Diabetic patients due to neuropathy.

95
Q

What is the primary function of a Pacemaker?

A

To regulate the heart’s rhythm by sending electrical impulses to the heart muscle

96
Q

A condition in which a long-standing congenital heart defect causes pulmonary hypertension and reversal of blood flow through the defect.

A

Eisenmenger Syndrome

97
Q

A rare aneurysm that occurs in one of the sinuses of the aortic valve, potentially causing rupture into the heart chambers.

A

Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm

RADIOLOGIC PATHOLOGY (13 decks)

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