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RADIOLOGIC PATHOLOGY > CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

A congenital condition where the spinal cord and meninges protrude through a gap in the spine.

A

Meningomyelocele

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2
Q

What is another term for Meningomyelocele?

A

Spina Bifida

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3
Q

Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain ventricles, causing pressure on brain tissue.

A

Hydrocephalus

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4
Q

A kind of hydrocephalus where CSF flow is blocked due to an obstruction, causing the ventricles to dilate.

A

Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus

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5
Q

A kind of Hydrocephalus where impaired reabsorption of CSF, leading to fluid buildup, often caused by inflammation or meningitis.

A

Communicating Hydrocephalus

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6
Q

A surgical device used to drain excess CSF from the brain to the abdomen.

A

Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt

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7
Q

A condition where brain tissue extends into the spinal canal, often causing noncommunicating hydrocephalus.

A

Arnold-Chiari Malformation

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8
Q

Inflammation of the meninges caused by infection, leading to fever, stiff neck, and headache.

A

Meningitis

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9
Q

What is Bacterial Meningitis?

A

A severe type of meningitis caused by bacteria, potentially life-threatening if not treated quickly.

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10
Q

What is Viral Meningitis?

A

Milder meningitis caused by viruses like enteroviruses, usually resolving on its own.

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11
Q

What is Tuberculous Meningitis

A

A type of meningitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, often more chronic and harder to diagnose.

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12
Q

Inflammation of brain tissue, usually caused by viral infections like herpes simplex.

A

Encephalitis

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13
Q

A pus-filled pocket in the brain caused by bacterial or fungal infections, often treated with antibiotics or surgery.

A

Brain Abscess

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14
Q

What is Subdural Empyema?

A

Accumulation of pus between the dura mater and arachnoid layers, often requiring surgical drainage.

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15
Q

A condition where the intervertebral discs degenerate, leading to pain and potential nerve compression.

A

Degenerative Disk Disease

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16
Q

What is Herniated Nucleus Pulposus?

A

A condition where the soft center of a spinal disc pushes through a crack in the outer casing, pressing on nerves.

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17
Q

Degenerative changes in the cervical spine, often leading to chronic nerve compression.

A

Cervical Spondylosis

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18
Q

A progressive neurological disorder where the immune system attacks the myelin sheath covering nerves.

A

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

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19
Q

a condition where blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to brain damage.

A

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

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20
Q

Another term for Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

A

stroke

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21
Q

A type of stroke caused by a ruptured blood vessel, leading to bleeding in the brain.

A

Hemorrhagic Stroke

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22
Q

What is Ischemic stroke?

A

A type of stroke caused by a blocked artery, accounting for 87% of all strokes.

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23
Q

Formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel, which can block blood flow and lead to an ischemic stroke.

A

Thrombosis

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24
Q

What is Embolism?

A

A blood clot or other debris that travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a blood vessel, causing blockage.

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25
Q

What is Atherothrombotic Brain Infarction (ABI)?

A

A type of ischemic stroke caused by a thrombus forming on an atherosclerotic plaque in a cerebral artery.

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26
Q

A temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, causing stroke-like symptoms that resolve within hours.

A

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

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27
Q

Bleeding into the space surrounding the brain, often caused by ruptured aneurysms.

A

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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28
Q

Bleeding directly into the brain tissue, often associated with hypertension or vascular anomalies.

A

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

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29
Q

A common type of brain tumor originating from glial cells, accounting for 45% of primary brain tumors.

A

Glioma

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30
Q

A type of glioma composed of star-shaped astrocytes, often slow-growing but can become malignant.

A

Astrocytoma

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31
Q

The most aggressive type of glioma, with rapid growth and poor prognosis.

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

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32
Q

A generally benign brain tumor arising from the meninges

A

Meningioma

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33
Q

What is a Pituitary Adenoma?

A

A typically benign tumor of the pituitary gland

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34
Q

What is Craniopharyngioma?

A

A benign tumor that arises near the pituitary gland, usually in children, and can cause hormonal imbalances and pressure on surrounding structures.

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35
Q

A benign tumor on the eighth cranial nerve, leading to hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance issues.

A

Acoustic Neuroma

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36
Q

A benign tumor arising from Schwann cells, which form the myelin sheath around peripheral nerves.

A

Schwannoma

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37
Q

A tumor arising from the ependymal cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the spinal canal.

A

Ependymoma

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38
Q

A highly malignant brain tumor, most common in children, typically arising in the cerebellum.

A

Medulloblastoma

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39
Q

A benign tumor of peripheral nerves

A

Neurofibroma

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40
Q

What is Subdural Hematoma?

A

A collection of blood between the dura mater and the brain, often resulting from head trauma.

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41
Q

What is Syrinx?

A

A fluid-filled cavity within the spinal cord

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42
Q

A genetic disorder causing the growth of non-cancerous tumors along nerves, sometimes leading to neurological complications.

A

Neurofibromatosis

43
Q

A congenital condition where arteries and veins are abnormally connected, leading to increased risk of hemorrhage.

A

Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)

44
Q

Narrowing of the carotid arteries, often due to atherosclerosis, increasing the risk of stroke.

A

Carotid Artery Stenosis

45
Q

Abnormalities in blood vessel formation or structure, often contributing to conditions like AVMs or aneurysms.

A

Vascular Anomalies

46
Q

A weak spot in a blood vessel in the brain that balloons out and may rupture, leading to hemorrhage.

A

Cerebral Aneurysm

47
Q

A clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and nutrients.

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

48
Q

Structures responsible for reabsorbing cerebrospinal fluid into the bloodstream.

A

Arachnoid Villi

49
Q

The area between the arachnoid mater and pia mater where cerebrospinal fluid circulates.

A

Subarachnoid Space

50
Q

A set of four interconnected cavities in the brain where cerebrospinal fluid is produced and circulated.

A

Ventricles of the Brain

51
Q

A large band of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain.

A

Corpus Callosum

52
Q

Brain tissue composed mainly of myelinated nerve fibers, responsible for transmitting signals within the nervous system.

A

White Matter

53
Q

Brain tissue primarily composed of neuron cell bodies, involved in muscle control, sensory perception, memory, emotions, and speech.

A

Gray Matter

54
Q

The region at the base of the skull, which contains the cerebellum and brainstem.

A

Posterior Fossa

55
Q

A part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.

A

Cerebellum

56
Q

What is the Brainstem?

A

part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.

57
Q

Two halves of the brain, each controlling opposite sides of the body.

A

Cerebral Hemispheres

58
Q

What is the Pons?

A

part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus, involved in motor control and sensory analysis.

59
Q

What is the Medulla Oblongata

A

The lower half of the brainstem, responsible for autonomic functions such as breathing and heart rate.

60
Q

The large opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes to connect to the brain.

A

Foramen Magnum

61
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The outer layer of the brain, involved in higher brain functions such as thought and action.

62
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

A part of the brain involved in forming, organizing, and storing memories.

63
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

group of brain structures involved in emotion, behavior, motivation, and memory.

64
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

A group of nuclei in the brain involved in motor control, cognition, and emotions.

65
Q

A brain structure that relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex.

A

Thalamus

66
Q

A small region of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and circadian rhythms.

A

Hypothalamus

67
Q

What is Epilepsy?

A

A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal brain activity.

68
Q

What is a seizure?

A

A sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain that can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings, or consciousness.

69
Q

A type of seizure involving a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions.

A

Tonic-Clonic Seizure

70
Q

A type of seizure characterized by brief, sudden lapses in attention and awareness.

A

Absence Seizure

71
Q

What is status epilectus?

A

A medical emergency where a seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or seizures occur close together without recovery in between.

72
Q

A test that measures electrical activity in the brain, commonly used to diagnose epilepsy.

A

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

73
Q

A seizure that starts in one area of the brain and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on the area affected.

A

Focal Seizure

74
Q

What is Generalized Seizure?

A

A seizure that affects both sides of the brain from the start.

75
Q

A condition in which the peripheral nerves are damaged, leading to weakness, numbness, or pain.

A

Neuropathy

76
Q

A condition where neurons in the brain or peripheral nervous system progressively lose function or die.

A

Neurodegenerative Disease

77
Q

A neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement, leading to symptoms like tremors, rigidity, and slow movements.

A

Parkinson’s Disease

78
Q

A neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and changes in behavior.

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

79
Q

Twisted fibers found inside brain cells in Alzheimer’s disease, leading to cell dysfunction and death.

A

Neurofibrillary Tangles

80
Q

A genetic neurodegenerative disorder that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain.

A

Huntington’s Disease

81
Q

A progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.

A

ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)

82
Q

A rare disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, leading to muscle weakness and sometimes paralysis.

A

Guillain-Barré Syndrome

83
Q

An autoimmune disorder that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles, especially those responsible for breathing and moving body parts.

A

Myasthenia Gravis

84
Q

A condition causing sudden weakness or paralysis in the muscles on one side of the face, usually temporary.

A

Bell’s Palsy

85
Q

A chronic pain condition affecting the trigeminal nerve in the face, causing severe, sudden facial pain.

A

Trigeminal Neuralgia

86
Q

Damage to the peripheral nerves, leading to pain, tingling, or numbness, often due to diabetes or injury.

A

Peripheral Neuropathy

87
Q

What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

A

A condition caused by compression of the median nerve as it travels through the wrist, leading to pain and numbness.

88
Q

What is Sciatica?

A

Pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, which branches from the lower back down through the hips and legs.

89
Q

narrowing of the spaces within the spine, which can put pressure on the nerves traveling through the spine.

A

Spinal Stenosis

90
Q

A condition caused by compression, inflammation, or injury to a spinal nerve root, resulting in pain, numbness, or weakness.

A

Radiculopathy

91
Q

A surgical procedure that removes part of the vertebrae to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves.

A

Laminectomy

92
Q

Weakness on one side of the body, often caused by a stroke or brain injury.

A

Hemiparesis

93
Q

Paralysis of the lower half of the body, typically resulting from spinal cord injury.

A

Paraplegia

94
Q

Paralysis of all four limbs, usually caused by damage to the spinal cord in the cervical region.

A

Quadriplegia

95
Q

A lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movements, often resulting from damage to the cerebellum.

A

Ataxia

96
Q

Difficulty swallowing, often seen in patients with neurological conditions like stroke or Parkinson’s disease.

A

Dysphagia

97
Q

Difficulty speaking due to weakness in the muscles used for speech, often caused by neurological conditions like stroke.

A

Dysarthria

98
Q

A neurological disorder that affects the ability to perform skilled movements despite having the desire and physical capability to do so.

A

Apraxia

99
Q

The loss of the sense of smell, which can be caused by head trauma, viral infections, or neurodegenerative diseases.

A

Anosmia

100
Q

A condition where a person loses half of their field of vision in one or both eyes, often caused by brain injury or stroke.

A

Hemianopia

101
Q

Inflammation of the optic nerve, causing vision loss, commonly associated with multiple sclerosis.

A

Optic Neuritis

102
Q

Swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure, often indicating a serious brain condition.

A

Papilledema

103
Q

Abnormal, uncontrollable movements, often seen in patients with Parkinson’s disease as a side effect of treatment.

A

Dyskinesia

104
Q

A neurological disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs, usually due to discomfort.

A

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)

RADIOLOGIC PATHOLOGY (13 decks)

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