ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards
What condition is characterized by weakened bone matrix, often in postmenopausal women?
Osteoporosis.
What imaging method is best for evaluating early-stage osteoporosis?
Bone mineral densitometry using DXA.
a decrease in bone density, often preceding osteoporosis.
OSTEOPENIA
How does osteomalacia differ from osteoporosis?
Osteomalacia involves a lack of calcium in tissues leading to soft bones, while osteoporosis involves weakened bone structure.
What are Looser zones?
Bands of radiolucency in bones seen in osteomalacia.
A metabolic disorder where bone undergoes abnormal destruction and replacement, often in the pelvis, spine, and skull.
Paget disease
What are the two stages of Paget disease?
Osteolytic stage (bone destruction)
osteoblastic stage (abnormal bone replacement).
What imaging sign is associated with Paget disease?
A “cotton wool” appearance
A disorder caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH), often due to a pituitary adenoma.
acromegaly
What is hypopituitarism?
A condition where there is a decreased level or absence of pituitary hormones.
A disorder caused by hypersecretion of glucocorticoids, often from a pituitary adenoma.
Cushing syndrome
What is diabetes insipidus?
A condition caused by a deficiency of vasopressin, leading to excessive urination and thirst.
What is Addison disease?
A rare condition caused by adrenal insufficiency, often due to autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex.
What is the primary treatment for Addison disease?
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
What is the most common cause of adrenal metastasis?
Lung cancer.
What is the primary difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Type 1 is caused by autoimmune destruction of β cells,
type 2 involves insulin resistance.
What is a common early sign of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Ketoacidosis
What is hyperthyroidism, and what causes it?
Excess thyroid hormone production, often caused by Graves disease.
What is a thyroid storm?
A life-threatening condition caused by untreated hyperthyroidism.
A disorder caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormone (TH).
hypothyroidism
What are the four types of thyroid cancer?
Papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic cancers.
A condition involving the overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to bone destruction.
hyperparathyroidism
What are the three types of hyperparathyroidism?
Primary, secondary, and ectopic hyperparathyroidism.
What is nephrocalcinosis?
A condition where calcium phosphate deposits accumulate in the renal parenchyma.
What is osteomalacia caused by?
A lack of calcium in the tissues and failure of bone tissue to calcify properly.
What is the main difference between rickets and osteomalacia?
Rickets occurs in children before growth plate closure,
osteomalacia occurs in adults.
What is the typical radiographic appearance of osteomalacia?
Bones appear spongelike, with osteopenia and Looser zones (pseudofractures).
What is Paget disease also known as?
Osteitis deformans.
Excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH), usually due to a pituitary adenoma.
Acromegaly
Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex or pituitary adenoma.
Cushing syndrome
What condition is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance?
Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
An enlarged thyroid gland, often caused by hyperthyroidism or iodine deficiency.
goiter
What is the most common type of thyroid cancer?
Papillary carcinoma.
A response to hypocalcemia, often caused by chronic renal failure.
secondary hyperparathyroidism
A condition where calcium phosphate deposits accumulate in the kidneys, often due to hyperparathyroidism.
nephrocalcinosis
A disorder caused by a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to excessive urination and thirst.
diabetes insipidus
What are the two types of diabetes insipidus?
Central (caused by ADH deficiency) and nephrogenic (caused by renal insensitivity to ADH).
