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RADIOLOGIC PATHOLOGY > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What condition is characterized by weakened bone matrix, often in postmenopausal women?

A

Osteoporosis.

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2
Q

What imaging method is best for evaluating early-stage osteoporosis?

A

Bone mineral densitometry using DXA.

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3
Q

a decrease in bone density, often preceding osteoporosis.

A

OSTEOPENIA

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4
Q

How does osteomalacia differ from osteoporosis?

A

Osteomalacia involves a lack of calcium in tissues leading to soft bones, while osteoporosis involves weakened bone structure.

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5
Q

What are Looser zones?

A

Bands of radiolucency in bones seen in osteomalacia.

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6
Q

A metabolic disorder where bone undergoes abnormal destruction and replacement, often in the pelvis, spine, and skull.

A

Paget disease

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7
Q

What are the two stages of Paget disease?

A

Osteolytic stage (bone destruction)
osteoblastic stage (abnormal bone replacement).

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8
Q

What imaging sign is associated with Paget disease?

A

A “cotton wool” appearance

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9
Q

A disorder caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH), often due to a pituitary adenoma.

A

acromegaly

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10
Q

What is hypopituitarism?

A

A condition where there is a decreased level or absence of pituitary hormones.

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11
Q

A disorder caused by hypersecretion of glucocorticoids, often from a pituitary adenoma.

A

Cushing syndrome

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12
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

A condition caused by a deficiency of vasopressin, leading to excessive urination and thirst.

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13
Q

What is Addison disease?

A

A rare condition caused by adrenal insufficiency, often due to autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex.

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14
Q

What is the primary treatment for Addison disease?

A

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of adrenal metastasis?

A

Lung cancer.

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16
Q

What is the primary difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

Type 1 is caused by autoimmune destruction of β cells,

type 2 involves insulin resistance.

17
Q

What is a common early sign of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

Ketoacidosis

18
Q

What is hyperthyroidism, and what causes it?

A

Excess thyroid hormone production, often caused by Graves disease.

19
Q

What is a thyroid storm?

A

A life-threatening condition caused by untreated hyperthyroidism.

20
Q

A disorder caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormone (TH).

A

hypothyroidism

21
Q

What are the four types of thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic cancers.

22
Q

A condition involving the overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to bone destruction.

A

hyperparathyroidism

23
Q

What are the three types of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Primary, secondary, and ectopic hyperparathyroidism.

24
Q

What is nephrocalcinosis?

A

A condition where calcium phosphate deposits accumulate in the renal parenchyma.

25
Q

What is osteomalacia caused by?

A

A lack of calcium in the tissues and failure of bone tissue to calcify properly.

26
Q

What is the main difference between rickets and osteomalacia?

A

Rickets occurs in children before growth plate closure,

osteomalacia occurs in adults.

27
Q

What is the typical radiographic appearance of osteomalacia?

A

Bones appear spongelike, with osteopenia and Looser zones (pseudofractures).

28
Q

What is Paget disease also known as?

A

Osteitis deformans.

29
Q

Excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH), usually due to a pituitary adenoma.

A

Acromegaly

30
Q

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex or pituitary adenoma.

A

Cushing syndrome

31
Q

What condition is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance?

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

32
Q

An enlarged thyroid gland, often caused by hyperthyroidism or iodine deficiency.

A

goiter

33
Q

What is the most common type of thyroid cancer?

A

Papillary carcinoma.

34
Q

A response to hypocalcemia, often caused by chronic renal failure.

A

secondary hyperparathyroidism

35
Q

A condition where calcium phosphate deposits accumulate in the kidneys, often due to hyperparathyroidism.

A

nephrocalcinosis

36
Q

A disorder caused by a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to excessive urination and thirst.

A

diabetes insipidus

37
Q

What are the two types of diabetes insipidus?

A

Central (caused by ADH deficiency) and nephrogenic (caused by renal insensitivity to ADH).

RADIOLOGIC PATHOLOGY (13 decks)

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