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Anatomy And Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary system

A

Eliminates excess water, salts, physiological wastes
Two kidneys
-receive 25% cardiac output
-produce urine

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2
Q

Components of urinary tract include

A

Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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3
Q

Functions of the urinary system

A

Adjust blood volume and blood pressure, regulates plasma concentrations of sodium / potassium / chloride / other ions, stabilize blood pH, conserve valuable nutrients, removes drugs / toxins / and metabolic wastes from bloodstream

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4
Q

Kidney structure

A

Located in retroperitoneal position between muscles of posterior body wall and parietal peritoneum.
Anchored to surrounding structures by renal fascia.
10cm long, 5.5cm wide, 3cm thick

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5
Q

Pathway of urine

A

Produced in kidney lobes, renal pelvis

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6
Q

Nephron

A

Microscopic structure, performs essential functions of kidney

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7
Q

Nephron consists of

A

Renal corpuscle, renal tubule

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8
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Water and dissolved solutes forced out of glomerular capillaries into capsular space in process called filtration

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9
Q

Renal tubule

A

Modifies and carries filtrate

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10
Q

Collecting system

A

Series of tubes carrying tubular fluid away from nephron

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11
Q

Collecting duct

A

Carries tubular fluid through renal medulla

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12
Q

Papillary duct

A

Collects tubular fluid from multiple collecting ducts
Delivers tubular fluid to minor calyx

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13
Q

Renal physiology

A

Maintained by homeostasis by regulating volume and composition of blood.
Concentrates urine to 1200-1400mOsm/L
Excretes solutes, especially metabolic wastes such as urea, creatinine, Uris acid

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14
Q

Urea

A

By-product of amino acid breakdown from proteins

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15
Q

Three processes in urine formation

A

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion

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16
Q

Filtration

A

Blood pressure forces water and solutes across membranes or glomerular capillaries into capsular space

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17
Q

Reabsorption

A

Removal of water and solutes from tubular fluid and movement into peritubular fluid

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18
Q

Secretion

A

Transport or solutes from peritubular fluid across tubular epithelium into tubular fluid

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19
Q

Urine volume

A

Normal volume about 1200mL per day with osmotic concentration 1000 mOsm/L

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20
Q

Polyuria

A

Production of excessive amounts of urine, causes include hormonal or metabolic problems

21
Q

Oliguria

A

Urine volume 50-500mL / day

22
Q

Anuria

A

Urine volume 0-50mL / day

23
Q

Renal failure

A

Unable to perform excretory functions to maintain homeostasis.
Impairs all systems in body resulting in:
-reduced urine production, disturbed fluid imbalance / pH , muscular concentration / metabolism / digestive function, hypertension, anemia from decline in erythropoietin production

24
Q

Ureters

A

Paired muscular tubes from kidney to urinary bladder (about 30cm)
Retroperitoneal and attached to posterior abdominal wall

25
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Hollow, muscular organ holding up to a liver of urine

26
Q

Urethra

A

Different lengths and functions in males versus females, male is longer and transports semen as well as urine

27
Q

Micturition

A

Process of urination

28
Q

Wall of urinary bladder

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis layers

29
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Kidney infection

30
Q

Renal calculi

A

Kidney stones

31
Q

Dysuria

A

Painful or difficult urination; may indicate cystitis or urethritis or urinary obstruction

32
Q

Protein loss in urine

A

Proteinuria; may cause generalized edema in peripheral tissues

33
Q

What kind of kidney diseases cause fever?

A

Low grade - urinary bladder infection
Very high - kidney infections

34
Q

History taking in GU complaints

A

Increased urgency or increased frequency
Changes in urinary output
Incontinence
Urinary retention

35
Q

Increased urgency or increased frequency

A

Indicates irritation of lining of ureters or urinary bladder
Leads to desire to urinate more often
Amount or urine produced each day remains normal

36
Q

Changes in urinary output

A

If occurs with no change in fluid intake, indicates problems with kidneys or control of renal function

37
Q

Incontinence

A

Inability to control voluntary urination

38
Q

Stress incontinence

A

Periodic involuntary leakage

39
Q

Urge incontinence

A

Inability to delay urination

40
Q

Overflow incontinence

A

Continual, slow trickle or urine from bladder that is always full

41
Q

Urinary retention

A

Kidney function normal but no urination
Enlarges prostate common cause of retention in males

42
Q

Fluid balance

A

Balanced when amount of water gained each day equal to amount of water lost
Gained through digestive tract and metabolic processes
Water lost through feces,urination, and evaporation

43
Q

Acid-Base balance

A

PH measure of hydrogen ion concentration
-normal blood plasma pH 7.35-7.45

44
Q

Body is acid-base balanced when

A

pH of body fluids are within normal limits
Production of hydrogen ions is precisely offset by loss of hydrogen ions

45
Q

Acidosis

A

Physiological condition caused by plasma pH below 7.35 (acidemia)

46
Q

Severe acidosis is deadly

A

Central nervous system function deteriorates
Cardiac contractions are weak and irregular
Peripheral vasodilation causes severe drop in blood pressure

47
Q

Alkalosis

A

Physiological condition causes by plasma pH above 7.45 (alkalemia)
Severe alkalosis is dangerous but relatively rare

48
Q

Renal compensation

A

Kidneys secrete or generate either H+ or HCO3-

49
Q

Respiratory compensation

A

Respiratory rate increases or decreases controlling rate CO2 is eliminated

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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