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Anatomy And Physiology > Biology Basics > Flashcards

Biology Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three forms of matter?

A

Solid, liquid , gas (chemical elements)

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2
Q

What are the four chemical elements that make up the majority of the body?

A

O - oxygen, H - hydrogen, C - carbon, N - nitrogen

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3
Q

What do trace mineral deficiencies cause?

A

Goitres, spina bifida

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4
Q

What / how much of chemicals are in the body?

A

Oxygen - 61%, carbon - 23%, hydrogen - 10%, nitrogen 2.6%, calcium - 1.4%, phosphorus - 1.1%, others 1%

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5
Q

Acid

A

HCl

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6
Q

Base

A

KOH

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7
Q

Salt

A

KCl

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8
Q

Increasingly acidic

A

0 - 7 pH

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9
Q

Neutral

A

7 pH

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10
Q

Increasingly basic (alkaline)

A

7 - 14 pH

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11
Q

How does the body make use of pH?

A

Differences can be protective, it kills bacteria.
Can help breakdown food, it denatures proteins into unusable substances

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12
Q

Sources of acid in our body

A

Stomach, carbonic acid, acid ketones, uric acid, lactic acid

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13
Q

Stomach

A

Acid is produced in our parietal cells

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14
Q

Carbonic acid

A

Produced from CO2

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15
Q

Acid ketones

A

Produced when fat is metabolized

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16
Q

Uric acid

A

Produced by protein metabolism

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17
Q

Lactic acid

A

Produced during anaerobic activity

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18
Q

What can change our bodies pH to make things more acidic?

A

Building up lactic acid, keto-acids, ingesting acids - ASA (metabolic)
Building up carbonic acid (respiratory)

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19
Q

What can change our bodies pH to make it more alkaline?

A

Ridding our body of CO2 (hyperventilation), ingesting antacids (tums, proton pumps inhibitors/H2 blockers)

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20
Q

How can you dilute the bloodstream?

A

Increasing our fluid intake

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21
Q

Cell

A

Smallest living unit (0.1mm in diameter)

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22
Q

Cell theory

A

Building blocks of all plants and animals, all new cells come from division of preexisting cells

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23
Q

What is each cell surrounded by?

A

Plasma membrane

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24
Q

What are the parts of the plasma membrane?

A

Cytoplasm, organelles (membranous, nonmembranous), cytosol

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25
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Found between cell membrane and nuclear membrane; varying consistency

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26
Q

Cytosol

A

Intracellular fluid, fluid part of the cytoplasm

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27
Q

Membranous organelles

A

Have phospholipid membrane around them

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28
Q

Nonmembranous organelles

A

Not completely enclosed by membranes

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29
Q

What makes something living?

A

Response to stimuli, reproduction, reproduction, respiration or metabolism, anabolism (growth/repair), transport, excretion

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30
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the chemical processes in the body

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31
Q

Responsiveness

A

Body can detect and respond to changes

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32
Q

Growth

A

Increase in body size

33
Q

Differentiation

A

A development from an immature to mature state or unspecialized to specialized state

34
Q

Reproduction

A

The formation of new cells or a new organism

35
Q

Basic function of nucleas

A

Genetic information, assembly of ribosome subunits, structural support

36
Q

Basic function of Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

37
Q

Basic function of endomembrane system

A

Protein synthesis and processing

38
Q

Basic function of Mitochondria

A

ATP (energy) production

39
Q

Body fluid distribution

A

Intracellular - 28L, extracellular - 14L, blood cells - 2L, plasma - 3L

40
Q

Total body mass in female

A

45% - solids, 55% fluids

41
Q

Total body mass of males

A

40% - solids, 60% - fluids

42
Q

Membrane permeability

A

Determines what can leave and enter cytoplasm

43
Q

Freely permeable

A

Any substance can enter and exit

44
Q

Selectively permeable

A

Allows some to enter/exit, prevents some from entering/exiting

45
Q

Impermeable

A

No substances can enter or exit

46
Q

Mechanisms of movement

A

Permeability is based on size, electrical charge, molecular shape, and lipid solubility. Materials move into and out of cell by passive and active mechanisms

47
Q

Passive mechanisms

A

Requires no ATP; diffusion, carrier-mediated transport

48
Q

Active mechanisms

A

Require ATP; carrier-mediated transport, vesicular transport

49
Q

Diffusion

A

Process of even distribution from random motion

50
Q

Gradient

A

Uneven distribution produces concentration difference

51
Q

How does an ion or molecule diffuse across the plasma membrane?

A

Crossing lipid portion of membrane, passing through membrane channel

52
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water

53
Q

Osmolarity

A

The water attracting property of a solution that can be measured and is related to the concentration of dissolved particles in a solution

54
Q

What is the approximate osmotic pressure of the body?

A

300 mosmol/L

55
Q

What biologically active particles have an osmotic influence?

A

Proteins, glucose, electrolytes

56
Q

Active transport (carrier-mediated transport)

A

Movement against concentration gradient using carrier proteins.
Requires energy (ATP)

57
Q

Vesicle formation (endocytosis)

A

Pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis

58
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Brings fluid and small molecules into cell

59
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Brings specific molecules into cell using receptor molecules on membrane

60
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Brings solid particles into cell

61
Q

Exocytosis

A

Moves wastes and secretory products from Intracellular vesicle to outside the cell

62
Q

DNA

A

In the nucleus, stores instructions for protein synthesis
Coil around histones

63
Q

Chromatin

A

In non-dividing cells, DNA is loosely coiled forming thin filaments

64
Q

What happens at the beginning of cell division?

A

DNA coils tighten and become more complex and form distinct structures called chromosomes

65
Q

Centromere

A

The point at which copied chromosomes are held together

66
Q

Chromatid

A

Duplicated chromosomes

67
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do somatic cells (body cells) have?

A

23 pairs

68
Q

In which cells do you expect the numbers of mitochondria to be greatest?

A

Muscle cells, skeletal, cardiac, liver

69
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

70
Q

Tumour

A

A mass produced by abnormal cell growth and division

71
Q

Benign tumor

A

Cells remain in one place; not cancerous

72
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Cells divid rapidly; produce chemicals stimulating blood vessel growth

73
Q

Metastasis

A

Process in which a tumor grows and cells migrate to other areas and establish new tumors

74
Q

What are the 4 types of body tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

75
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers exposed body surface, lines digestive/respiratory/reproductive/urinary tracts, surrounds internal cavities

76
Q

Connective tissue

A

Purpose is to connect and attach tissues, can be solid or liquid (tendon or blood), contains specialized cells and extracellular matrix

77
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Composed of protein fibres and ground substance, varying consistency (blood - watery matrix, bone - solid matrix)

78
Q

Muscle tissue

A

composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts

79
Q

Neural tissue

A

contains two major cell types, neurons and glial cells

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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