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Anatomy And Physiology > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

System interconnections

A

Digestive, urinary

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2
Q

Digestive system

A

Works with other systems to support tissues, provides nutrients for cell maintenance and growth

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3
Q

Urinary system

A

Removes organic wastes generated by cell activity

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4
Q

Components of the digestive system

A

Mouth, oral cavity, teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

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5
Q

Accessory organs of the digestive system

A

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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6
Q

What does the Oral cavity, teeth, tongue do?

A

Mechanical processing, moistening, mixing food with saliva

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7
Q

What does the pharynx do?

A

Muscular propulsion of food into esophagus

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8
Q

What does the esophagus do?

A

Transports swallowed food to stomach

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9
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Chemical and mechanical processing

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10
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

Enzymatic digestion and absorption

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11
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials

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12
Q

Functions of the digestive tract

A

Ingestion, mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorption, compaction/defecation

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13
Q

Ingestion

A

Food and liquids enter digestive tract through mouth

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14
Q

Mechanical processing

A

Involves crushing and shredding of food in oral cavity and mixing and churning of swallowed food in the stomach

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15
Q

Digestion

A

Chemical and enzymatic breakdown of food into small, organic molecules that can be absorbed by the digestive epithelium

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16
Q

Secretion

A

Performed along most of tract. Goblet cells along canal secrete mucus. Accessory organs provide most materials secreted

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17
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across digestive epithelium and into interstitial fluid

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18
Q

Compaction/defication

A

Compaction is progressive dehydration of indigestible foods and organic wastes prior to elimination.
Compacted material called feces and eliminated by defecation.

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19
Q

Motility

A

The capability of the GI tract to move and mix food along its length

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20
Q

Volume factor influencing gastric emptying time

A

Larger the starting volume, greater the initial rate of emptying. After initial period, the larger the original volume, slower the rate of emptying

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21
Q

Type of meal factor influencing gastric emptying time

A

Reduction in rate of emptying to an extent directly dependent upon concentration for salts and nonelectrolytes

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22
Q

Physical state of gastric contents factors influencing gastric emptying time

A

Solutions or suspensions of small particles empty more rapidly

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23
Q

Body position factor influencing gastric emptying time

A

Rate of emptying is reduced in a patient lying on left side

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24
Q

Viscosity factor influencing gastric emptying time

A

Rate of emptying id greater for viscous solutions

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25
Q

Emotional states influence on gastric emptying

A

Aggressive to stressful emotional states increase stomach contractions and emptying rate

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26
Q

Disease states influence of gastric emptying

A

Rate of emptying is reduced in some diabetics and in patients with local pyloric lesions and hypothyroidism

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27
Q

Drugs influence on gastric emptying

A

Anticholinergic, narcotic analgesic etc decrease emptying

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28
Q

Superior boundary of oral cavity

A

Hard palate, soft palate

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29
Q

Anterior and lateral boundary of the oral cavity

A

Lips (labia), cheeks, body of tongue

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30
Q

Posterior boundary of the oral cavity

A

Uvula, palatine tonsil, root of tongue, lingual tonsil

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31
Q

Inferior boundary of the oral cavity

A

Tongue and underlying muscles

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32
Q

Three pairs of salivary glands moisten the food bolus

A

Hard palate/soft palate, cheeks/body of tongue, uvula/palatine tonsil

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33
Q

Mastication

A

Process of teeth crushing and shredding food

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34
Q

Lingual lipase

A

Lipase, amylase

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35
Q

Lipase

A

Begins lipid digestion

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36
Q

Amylase

A

Begins starch digestion

37
Q

What is the superior third of the the esophagus composed of?

A

Skeletal muscle fibres

38
Q

What is the middle third of the esophagus composed of?

A

Skeletal and smooth muscle

39
Q

What is the inferior third of the esophagus composed of?

A

Smooth muscle

40
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

41
Q

What are the 2 major movements of deglutition?

A

Segmentation, peristalsis

42
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter

A

Inferior end of esophagus; usually contracted, prevents back flow of stomach contents into esophagus

43
Q

Regions of the stomach

A

Fundus, cardia, body, pylorus

44
Q

Structure of the stomach wall

A

Fundus, esophagus, cardia, body, lesser curvature, rugae, greater curvature

45
Q

The pylorus

A

Pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, pyloric sphincter

46
Q

Layers of the muscularis externa

A

Longitudinal muscle layer, circular muscle layer, oblique muscle layer

47
Q

Gastric glands

A

In the Fundus and body of the stomach; secrete most of acid and enzymes involves in gastric digestion. Secrete about 1500mL gastric juice daily

48
Q

Gastric juice

A

Thin, colourless, acidic fluid containing enzymes

49
Q

Parietal cells secrete

A

Intrinsic factor that aids in absorption vitamin B12, hydrochloride acid (HCl)

50
Q

Chief cells secrete

A

Pepsinogen
Rennin and gastric lipase

51
Q

The small intestine

A

90% of nutrients absorption occurs here, averages 6m long, diameter 4cm at stomach to 2.5 cm at the large intestine

52
Q

Three regions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

53
Q

Duodenum

A

25cm long; received chyme from stomach and secretions from pancreas and liver

54
Q

Jejunum

A

2.5m long; most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs here

55
Q

Ileum

A

3.5m long; ends in ileocecal valve. Sphincter controlling flow from the ileum into large intestine

56
Q

Circular folds

A

Series of transverse folds along the intestinal lining, roughly 800 folds in small intestine

57
Q

Intestinal villi

A

Finger like projections of mucosa, covered by epithelial cells. Surface covered with microvilli.
Increases total area for absorption more than 600 times

58
Q

Peristalsis

A

Process of sequential concentration moving material along tract

59
Q

Bolus

A

Moist, compact mass of material

60
Q

The large intestine

A

Averages 1.5m long and 7.5cm wide

61
Q

Major functions of the large intestine

A

-Absorption of vitamins (K, B5, B7) produced by bacteria in colon.
-Reabsorption of water from intestinal contents.
-Compaction of indigestible intestinal contents.
-Storage of feces prior to defecation.

62
Q

Three regions of the large intestine

A

-Cecum
-Colon
-Rectum

63
Q

Cecum

A

Begins process of compaction
Attached to the appendix
Collects and stores mineral

64
Q

Rectum

A

Forms last 15cm of digestive tract, distended veins in walls of rectum are hemorrhoids.
Lined with squamous cell epithelium, contains two sphincters

65
Q

Mass movements

A

Powerful peristaltic contractions
Begin at transverse colon and push feces along distal portion of large intestine

66
Q

Water reabsorbed in large intestine

A

Import vitamins produced by bacteria in colon; vitamin K, B5, B7
Feces composed of 75% water, 5% bacteria, mixture of indigestible materials, inorganic matter, remains of epithelial cells

67
Q

Peristalsis forces feces into rectum

A

Distension triggers defecation reflex
Defecation when external anal sphincter in voluntarily relaxed

68
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

69
Q

Salivary glands

A

Produce saliva containing mucins and enzymes

70
Q

Liver

A

Multiple functions in digestive and other systems; largest visceral organ, weighs 1.5kg, composed of four lobes

71
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores and concentrates bile secreted by liver
Hollow pear shaped organ

72
Q

Pancreas

A

Exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes
Endocrine cells secrete insulin and glucagon.
Secretes about 1000mL pancreatic juice each day.

73
Q

Common bile duct

A

Carries bile from liver and gallbladder to duodenum

74
Q

Four lobes of the liver

A

Right, left, caudate, quadrate

75
Q

Digestive and metabolic functions of the liver

A

-Synthesize and secrete bile, store glycogen and lips reserves, maintain normal concentrations of glucose/fatty acids/amino acids in the blood stream, inactivate toxins, store iron, store fat soluble vitamins

76
Q

Path of bile in gallbladder

A

Right and left hepatic ducts collect bile from liver bile ducts. Unite to form common hepatic ducts. Bile flows into either common bile duct or cystic duct. Common bile duct meets pancreatic duct. Hepatopancreatic sphincter encircles entry into duodenum allowing bile flow.

77
Q

Gallbladder disorders

A

Gallstones, cholecystitis

78
Q

Gallstones

A

Crystals of insoluble minerals and salts
Small gallstones may be flushed through bile ducts

79
Q

Cholecytitis

A

Gallstones too large to pass cause irritation and damage to gallbladder wall
May block cystic duct or common bile duct
No effect on bile production

80
Q

Gastritis

A

Stomach disorder causing inflammation of mucous membrane lining stomach, from ingesting aspirin/alcohol, severe stress, bacterial infection, ingestion of strong chemicals

81
Q

Peptic ulcer

A

Gastric enzymes and acids erode through lining
80% caused by bacterial infection

82
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of pancreas, caused by gallstones, viral infections, toxic drugs (including alcohol)
Lysosomal enzymes destroy pancreas

83
Q

Vomiting centre of the brain

A

Medulla, vagus nerve, vestibular organs

84
Q

Small intestine disorders

A

Enteritis, dysentery, gastroenteritis

85
Q

Enteritis

A

Inflammation of intestine, causes diarrhea

86
Q

Dysentery

A

Inflammation of small and large intestine producing diarrhea with blood and mucous

87
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Inflammation of stomach and intestines
Can be from viral, protozoan, or parasitic worm infections

88
Q

Abdominal pain pneumonic

A

Appendix
Bowel obstructions
Cholecystitis
Diverticulitis
Ectopic pregnancy
Food poisoning
Gastritis
Hepatitis

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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