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Anatomy And Physiology > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

System interconnections

A

Digestive, urinary

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2
Q

Digestive system

A

Works with other systems to support tissues, provides nutrients for cell maintenance and growth

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3
Q

Urinary system

A

Removes organic wastes generated by cell activity

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4
Q

Components of the digestive system

A

Mouth, oral cavity, teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

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5
Q

Accessory organs of the digestive system

A

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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6
Q

What does the Oral cavity, teeth, tongue do?

A

Mechanical processing, moistening, mixing food with saliva

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7
Q

What does the pharynx do?

A

Muscular propulsion of food into esophagus

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8
Q

What does the esophagus do?

A

Transports swallowed food to stomach

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9
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Chemical and mechanical processing

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10
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

Enzymatic digestion and absorption

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11
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials

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12
Q

Functions of the digestive tract

A

Ingestion, mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorption, compaction/defecation

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13
Q

Ingestion

A

Food and liquids enter digestive tract through mouth

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14
Q

Mechanical processing

A

Involves crushing and shredding of food in oral cavity and mixing and churning of swallowed food in the stomach

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15
Q

Digestion

A

Chemical and enzymatic breakdown of food into small, organic molecules that can be absorbed by the digestive epithelium

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16
Q

Secretion

A

Performed along most of tract. Goblet cells along canal secrete mucus. Accessory organs provide most materials secreted

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17
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across digestive epithelium and into interstitial fluid

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18
Q

Compaction/defication

A

Compaction is progressive dehydration of indigestible foods and organic wastes prior to elimination.
Compacted material called feces and eliminated by defecation.

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19
Q

Motility

A

The capability of the GI tract to move and mix food along its length

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20
Q

Volume factor influencing gastric emptying time

A

Larger the starting volume, greater the initial rate of emptying. After initial period, the larger the original volume, slower the rate of emptying

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21
Q

Type of meal factor influencing gastric emptying time

A

Reduction in rate of emptying to an extent directly dependent upon concentration for salts and nonelectrolytes

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22
Q

Physical state of gastric contents factors influencing gastric emptying time

A

Solutions or suspensions of small particles empty more rapidly

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23
Q

Body position factor influencing gastric emptying time

A

Rate of emptying is reduced in a patient lying on left side

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24
Q

Viscosity factor influencing gastric emptying time

A

Rate of emptying id greater for viscous solutions

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25
Emotional states influence on gastric emptying
Aggressive to stressful emotional states increase stomach contractions and emptying rate
26
Disease states influence of gastric emptying
Rate of emptying is reduced in some diabetics and in patients with local pyloric lesions and hypothyroidism
27
Drugs influence on gastric emptying
Anticholinergic, narcotic analgesic etc decrease emptying
28
Superior boundary of oral cavity
Hard palate, soft palate
29
Anterior and lateral boundary of the oral cavity
Lips (labia), cheeks, body of tongue
30
Posterior boundary of the oral cavity
Uvula, palatine tonsil, root of tongue, lingual tonsil
31
Inferior boundary of the oral cavity
Tongue and underlying muscles
32
Three pairs of salivary glands moisten the food bolus
Hard palate/soft palate, cheeks/body of tongue, uvula/palatine tonsil
33
Mastication
Process of teeth crushing and shredding food
34
Lingual lipase
Lipase, amylase
35
Lipase
Begins lipid digestion
36
Amylase
Begins starch digestion
37
What is the superior third of the the esophagus composed of?
Skeletal muscle fibres
38
What is the middle third of the esophagus composed of?
Skeletal and smooth muscle
39
What is the inferior third of the esophagus composed of?
Smooth muscle
40
Deglutition
Swallowing
41
What are the 2 major movements of deglutition?
Segmentation, peristalsis
42
Lower esophageal sphincter
Inferior end of esophagus; usually contracted, prevents back flow of stomach contents into esophagus
43
Regions of the stomach
Fundus, cardia, body, pylorus
44
Structure of the stomach wall
Fundus, esophagus, cardia, body, lesser curvature, rugae, greater curvature
45
The pylorus
Pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, pyloric sphincter
46
Layers of the muscularis externa
Longitudinal muscle layer, circular muscle layer, oblique muscle layer
47
Gastric glands
In the Fundus and body of the stomach; secrete most of acid and enzymes involves in gastric digestion. Secrete about 1500mL gastric juice daily
48
Gastric juice
Thin, colourless, acidic fluid containing enzymes
49
Parietal cells secrete
Intrinsic factor that aids in absorption vitamin B12, hydrochloride acid (HCl)
50
Chief cells secrete
Pepsinogen Rennin and gastric lipase
51
The small intestine
90% of nutrients absorption occurs here, averages 6m long, diameter 4cm at stomach to 2.5 cm at the large intestine
52
Three regions of the small intestine
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
53
Duodenum
25cm long; received chyme from stomach and secretions from pancreas and liver
54
Jejunum
2.5m long; most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs here
55
Ileum
3.5m long; ends in ileocecal valve. Sphincter controlling flow from the ileum into large intestine
56
Circular folds
Series of transverse folds along the intestinal lining, roughly 800 folds in small intestine
57
Intestinal villi
Finger like projections of mucosa, covered by epithelial cells. Surface covered with microvilli. Increases total area for absorption more than 600 times
58
Peristalsis
Process of sequential concentration moving material along tract
59
Bolus
Moist, compact mass of material
60
The large intestine
Averages 1.5m long and 7.5cm wide
61
Major functions of the large intestine
-Absorption of vitamins (K, B5, B7) produced by bacteria in colon. -Reabsorption of water from intestinal contents. -Compaction of indigestible intestinal contents. -Storage of feces prior to defecation.
62
Three regions of the large intestine
-Cecum -Colon -Rectum
63
Cecum
Begins process of compaction Attached to the appendix Collects and stores mineral
64
Rectum
Forms last 15cm of digestive tract, distended veins in walls of rectum are hemorrhoids. Lined with squamous cell epithelium, contains two sphincters
65
Mass movements
Powerful peristaltic contractions Begin at transverse colon and push feces along distal portion of large intestine
66
Water reabsorbed in large intestine
Import vitamins produced by bacteria in colon; vitamin K, B5, B7 Feces composed of 75% water, 5% bacteria, mixture of indigestible materials, inorganic matter, remains of epithelial cells
67
Peristalsis forces feces into rectum
Distension triggers defecation reflex Defecation when external anal sphincter in voluntarily relaxed
68
Accessory digestive organs
Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
69
Salivary glands
Produce saliva containing mucins and enzymes
70
Liver
Multiple functions in digestive and other systems; largest visceral organ, weighs 1.5kg, composed of four lobes
71
Gallbladder
Stores and concentrates bile secreted by liver Hollow pear shaped organ
72
Pancreas
Exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes Endocrine cells secrete insulin and glucagon. Secretes about 1000mL pancreatic juice each day.
73
Common bile duct
Carries bile from liver and gallbladder to duodenum
74
Four lobes of the liver
Right, left, caudate, quadrate
75
Digestive and metabolic functions of the liver
-Synthesize and secrete bile, store glycogen and lips reserves, maintain normal concentrations of glucose/fatty acids/amino acids in the blood stream, inactivate toxins, store iron, store fat soluble vitamins
76
Path of bile in gallbladder
Right and left hepatic ducts collect bile from liver bile ducts. Unite to form common hepatic ducts. Bile flows into either common bile duct or cystic duct. Common bile duct meets pancreatic duct. Hepatopancreatic sphincter encircles entry into duodenum allowing bile flow.
77
Gallbladder disorders
Gallstones, cholecystitis
78
Gallstones
Crystals of insoluble minerals and salts Small gallstones may be flushed through bile ducts
79
Cholecytitis
Gallstones too large to pass cause irritation and damage to gallbladder wall May block cystic duct or common bile duct No effect on bile production
80
Gastritis
Stomach disorder causing inflammation of mucous membrane lining stomach, from ingesting aspirin/alcohol, severe stress, bacterial infection, ingestion of strong chemicals
81
Peptic ulcer
Gastric enzymes and acids erode through lining 80% caused by bacterial infection
82
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of pancreas, caused by gallstones, viral infections, toxic drugs (including alcohol) Lysosomal enzymes destroy pancreas
83
Vomiting centre of the brain
Medulla, vagus nerve, vestibular organs
84
Small intestine disorders
Enteritis, dysentery, gastroenteritis
85
Enteritis
Inflammation of intestine, causes diarrhea
86
Dysentery
Inflammation of small and large intestine producing diarrhea with blood and mucous
87
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of stomach and intestines Can be from viral, protozoan, or parasitic worm infections
88
Abdominal pain pneumonic
Appendix Bowel obstructions Cholecystitis Diverticulitis Ectopic pregnancy Food poisoning Gastritis Hepatitis

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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