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Anatomy And Physiology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

The integumentary system provides a physical barrier to what?

A

Invasion by pathogens

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2
Q

Glands

A

Secretions flush surface, may contain bactericidal chemicals, destructive enzymes

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3
Q

Epithelial barriers

A

Acid in stomach destroys pathogens, mucus in respiratory tract traps pathogens, urine flushes urinary passageways, glandular secretions in reproductive tract flush tract

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4
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transports gasses, nutrients, hormones, metabolic waste.
Restricts fluid loss.
Defends against toxins and pathogens.
Stabilizes body temperature.

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5
Q

Composition of blood

A

Plasma, formed elements

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6
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid part of blood, about 55% of volume

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7
Q

Formed elements

A

Cells and fragments of blood, includes red/white blood cells, platelets, about 45% of volume

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8
Q

Blood volume varies by average body size

A

Adult males 5-6L
Adult females 4-5L

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9
Q

Phagocytes

A

First line of cellular defence, found in peripheral tissues, remove cellular debris

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10
Q

Types of phagocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, monocyte-macrophage system

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11
Q

Neutrophils

A

Abundant, mobile, fast-acting

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12
Q

Eosinophils

A

Less abundant than neutrophils

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13
Q

Monocyte-macrophage system

A

Macrophages- derived from monocytes
Fixed macrophages - scattered among connective tissues
Free macrophages - travel through body

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14
Q

Pyrogens

A

Circulating proteins; reset temperature thermostat in hypothalamus

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15
Q

Physical barriers

A

Keeps hazardous organisms and materials outside body

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16
Q

Phagocytes

A

Engulf pathogens and cellular debris

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17
Q

Immune surveillance by NK cells

A

Monitor peripheral tissues, release perforins that destroy abnormal cells membrane

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18
Q

Interferons

A

Released by lymphocytes, macrophages, or virus-infected cells
Trigger production of antiviral proteins

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19
Q

Complement system

A

Group of circulating proteins that help antibodies destroy pathogens

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20
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Localized, tissue-level response to limit spread of injury or infection

21
Q

Fever

A

Accelerates body metabolism and defence activity

22
Q

The lymphatic system

A

Includes cells, tissues, and organs that defend against environmental hazards.

23
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Cells in the lymphatic system

24
Q

Lymphatics (lymphatic vessels)

A

Vessels in the lymphatic system

25
Q

What do lymphocytes respond to?

A

Invading pathogens, abnormal body cells, foreign proteins

26
Q

Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes

A

Cervical lymph nodes, thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct, axillary lymph nodes, inguinal lymph nodes

27
Q

Lymphoid tissues and organs

A

Tonsil, thymus, spleen, appendix

28
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Originate as pockets instead of forming continuous tubes, have larger diameters, have thinner walls

29
Q

Lymphatic flow

A

From the lymphatic capillaries > larger lymphatic vessels > body’s trunk

30
Q

Larger lymphatic vessels contain what?

A

Valves; close together, bulge at each valve, prevent back flow

31
Q

The spleen

A

Largest mass of lymphoid tissue; removes abnormal red blood cells, stores iron, initiates immune response by B cells and T cells

32
Q

Pharyngeal tonsil

A

Adenoid; located on posterior, superior wall of nasopharynx.

33
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

Located in posterior, inferior margin of oral cavity along boundary of pharynx

34
Q

Lingual tonsils

A

Deep in epithelium covering base of tongue

35
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Collects lymph from - Body inferior to diaphragm, left side of body superior to diaphragm, empties into the left subclavian vein.

36
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Collects lymph from - right side of body superior to diaphragm, empties into right subclavian vein

37
Q

Three classes of lymphocytes

A

T cells, B cells, NK cells

38
Q

All classes of lymphocytes are sensitive to?

A

Antigens; stimulate an immune response

39
Q

T cells

A

80% of circulating lymphocytes

40
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Attack foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses. Involved in cell-mediated immunity

41
Q

Helper T cells

A

Stimulate activation and function of T cells and B cells

42
Q

Suppressor/Regulatory T cells

A

Helps to suppress the immune system in cases of self

43
Q

B Cells

A

10-15% of circulating lymphocytes, responsible for antibody-mediated immunity, some become memory B cells instead of plasma cells

44
Q

Two forms of immunity that work independently and together

A

Nonspecific (innate) immunity, specific (adaptive) immunity

45
Q

Two types of specific immunity

A

Active immunity, passive immunity

46
Q

Active immunity

A

When body develops antibodies in response to antigen

47
Q

Passive immunity

A

Receive antibodies from another source

48
Q

Allergies

A

Excessive immune responses to antigens, many trigger inflammation

49
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Stimulates histamine release from mast cells throughout body, extreme drop in blood pressure leading to circulatory collapse

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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