Immunology

Question 1

The integumentary system provides a physical barrier to what?

Answer 1

Invasion by pathogens

Question 2

Glands

Answer 2

Secretions flush surface, may contain bactericidal chemicals, destructive enzymes

Question 3

Epithelial barriers

Answer 3

Acid in stomach destroys pathogens, mucus in respiratory tract traps pathogens, urine flushes urinary passageways, glandular secretions in reproductive tract flush tract

Question 4

Functions of blood

Answer 4

Transports gasses, nutrients, hormones, metabolic waste.
Restricts fluid loss.
Defends against toxins and pathogens.
Stabilizes body temperature.

Question 5

Composition of blood

Answer 5

Plasma, formed elements

Question 6

Plasma

Answer 6

Liquid part of blood, about 55% of volume

Question 7

Formed elements

Answer 7

Cells and fragments of blood, includes red/white blood cells, platelets, about 45% of volume

Question 8

Blood volume varies by average body size

Answer 8

Adult males 5-6L
Adult females 4-5L

Question 9

Phagocytes

Answer 9

First line of cellular defence, found in peripheral tissues, remove cellular debris

Question 10

Types of phagocytes

Answer 10

Neutrophils, eosinophils, monocyte-macrophage system

Question 11

Neutrophils

Answer 11

Abundant, mobile, fast-acting

Question 12

Eosinophils

Answer 12

Less abundant than neutrophils

Question 13

Monocyte-macrophage system

Answer 13

Macrophages- derived from monocytes
Fixed macrophages - scattered among connective tissues
Free macrophages - travel through body

Question 14

Pyrogens

Answer 14

Circulating proteins; reset temperature thermostat in hypothalamus

Question 15

Physical barriers

Answer 15

Keeps hazardous organisms and materials outside body

Question 16

Phagocytes

Answer 16

Engulf pathogens and cellular debris

Question 17

Immune surveillance by NK cells

Answer 17

Monitor peripheral tissues, release perforins that destroy abnormal cells membrane

Question 18

Interferons

Answer 18

Released by lymphocytes, macrophages, or virus-infected cells
Trigger production of antiviral proteins

Question 19

Complement system

Answer 19

Group of circulating proteins that help antibodies destroy pathogens

Question 20

Inflammatory response

Answer 20

Localized, tissue-level response to limit spread of injury or infection

Question 21

Fever

Answer 21

Accelerates body metabolism and defence activity

Question 22

The lymphatic system

Answer 22

Includes cells, tissues, and organs that defend against environmental hazards.

Question 23

Lymphocytes

Answer 23

Cells in the lymphatic system

Question 24

Lymphatics (lymphatic vessels)

Answer 24

Vessels in the lymphatic system

Question 25

What do lymphocytes respond to?

Answer 25

Invading pathogens, abnormal body cells, foreign proteins

Question 26

Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes

Answer 26

Cervical lymph nodes, thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct, axillary lymph nodes, inguinal lymph nodes

Question 27

Lymphoid tissues and organs

Answer 27

Tonsil, thymus, spleen, appendix

Question 28

Lymphatic capillaries

Answer 28

Originate as pockets instead of forming continuous tubes, have larger diameters, have thinner walls

Question 29

Lymphatic flow

Answer 29

From the lymphatic capillaries > larger lymphatic vessels > body’s trunk

Question 30

Larger lymphatic vessels contain what?

Answer 30

Valves; close together, bulge at each valve, prevent back flow

Question 31

The spleen

Answer 31

Largest mass of lymphoid tissue; removes abnormal red blood cells, stores iron, initiates immune response by B cells and T cells

Question 32

Pharyngeal tonsil

Answer 32

Adenoid; located on posterior, superior wall of nasopharynx.

Question 33

Palatine tonsils

Answer 33

Located in posterior, inferior margin of oral cavity along boundary of pharynx

Question 34

Lingual tonsils

Answer 34

Deep in epithelium covering base of tongue

Question 35

Thoracic duct

Answer 35

Collects lymph from - Body inferior to diaphragm, left side of body superior to diaphragm, empties into the left subclavian vein.

Question 36

Right lymphatic duct

Answer 36

Collects lymph from - right side of body superior to diaphragm, empties into right subclavian vein

Question 37

Three classes of lymphocytes

Answer 37

T cells, B cells, NK cells

Question 38

All classes of lymphocytes are sensitive to?

Answer 38

Antigens; stimulate an immune response

Question 39

T cells

Answer 39

80% of circulating lymphocytes

Question 40

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 40

Attack foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses. Involved in cell-mediated immunity

Question 41

Helper T cells

Answer 41

Stimulate activation and function of T cells and B cells

Question 42

Suppressor/Regulatory T cells

Answer 42

Helps to suppress the immune system in cases of self

Question 43

B Cells

Answer 43

10-15% of circulating lymphocytes, responsible for antibody-mediated immunity, some become memory B cells instead of plasma cells

Question 44

Two forms of immunity that work independently and together

Answer 44

Nonspecific (innate) immunity, specific (adaptive) immunity

Question 45

Two types of specific immunity

Answer 45

Active immunity, passive immunity

Question 46

Active immunity

Answer 46

When body develops antibodies in response to antigen

Question 47

Passive immunity

Answer 47

Receive antibodies from another source

Question 48

Allergies

Answer 48

Excessive immune responses to antigens, many trigger inflammation

Question 49

Anaphylaxis

Answer 49

Stimulates histamine release from mast cells throughout body, extreme drop in blood pressure leading to circulatory collapse