Muscular System

Question 1

Three muscle tissue types

Answer 1

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 2

Skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 2

Found in skeletal muscles, striations present, voluntary control

Question 3

Smooth muscle tissue

Answer 3

GI tract, vascular system, diaphragm, no striations, involuntary control

Question 4

Cardiac muscle tissue

Answer 4

Heart wall, striations present, involuntary control

Question 5

Tendons

Answer 5

Collagen fibres of connective tissue layers in skeletal muscle extend beyond muscle at end

Question 6

What do tendons attach muscles to?

Answer 6

Attaches muscle to bone

Question 7

Ligaments

Answer 7

Fibrous connective tissue

Question 8

What do ligaments connect together?

Answer 8

Bone to bone

Question 9

Two types of muscle fibres

Answer 9

Red, slow twitch, for aerobic endurance.
White, fast twitch, for anaerobic strength.

Question 10

Cori cycle

Answer 10

Lactate produced in muscle during peak activity diffuses into blood stream. Liver converts lactate to pyruvate.

Question 11

How much of pyruvate is broken down in mitochondria for energy?

Answer 11

30%

Question 12

What is the remaining 70% of pyruvate converted into?

Answer 12

Glucose

Question 13

Oxygen debt

Answer 13

Amount of oxygen required to restore normal conditions

Question 14

Hypertrophy

Answer 14

Repeated, exhaustive stimulation causes muscle fibres to develop; enlargement of whole muscle

Question 15

Lack of stimulation to skeletal muscle causes?

Answer 15

Loss of muscle mass and tone.
Decreased size of muscle fibres (atrophy)

Question 16

Atrophy

Answer 16

Somewhat natural process of aging
May be temporary with injury or cast immobilization
Dying muscle fibres not replaced, can be permanent

Question 17

Clinical conditions affecting skeletal muscles

Answer 17

Polio, tetanus, botulism, myasthenia gravis

Question 18

Polio

Answer 18

Virus attacks motor neurons in spinal cord and brain, causes muscular atrophy and paralysis

Question 19

Tetanus

Answer 19

Caused by bacteria that lives in low-oxygen environments, releases toxin suppressing motor neuron inhibition; resulting in sustained, powerful contractions
40-60% mortality rate

Question 20

Botulism

Answer 20

Releases toxin that prevents ACh release in neuromuscular junction
Results in paralysis of skeletal muscle

Question 21

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 21

Disease characterized by loss of ACh receptors at neuromuscular junction

Question 22

Common muscle problems

Answer 22

Spasm, cramp, fasiculation

Question 23

Spasm

Answer 23

A sudden involuntary muscle contraction

Question 24

Cramp

Answer 24

Painful spasm that may be due to inadequate blood flow, dehydration, or overuse of

Question 25

Fasiculation

Answer 25

An involuntary brief twitch

Question 26

What can happen if muscles lack, caused by injury or death, nutrients or oxygen?

Answer 26

No ATP, calcium cannot be pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 27

Rigour mortis

Answer 27

Condition after death causing person to stiffen up. Begins 2-7 hours after death and lasts 1-6 days

Question 28

Origin

Answer 28

Where fixed end of skeletal muscle attaches

Question 29

Insertion

Answer 29

Where moveable end of skeletal muscle attaches

Question 30

Action

Answer 30

Specific movement of skeletal muscle

Question 31

Flexion

Answer 31

Movement that reduces angle between structures

Question 32

Extension

Answer 32

Movement that increases angle between structures

Question 33

Hyperextension

Answer 33

Extension beyond anatomical position

Question 34

Lateral flexion

Answer 34

When vertebral column bends to side

Question 35

Dorsiflexion

Answer 35

Flexion at ankle joint involving elevation of sole of foot (toes pointing upwards)

Question 36

Planter flexion

Answer 36

Extension at ankle joint (toes pointing downward)

Question 37

Abduction

Answer 37

Movement away from longitudinal axis, spreading fingers/toes (away from midline)

Question 38

Adduction

Answer 38

Movement toward longitudinal axis, bringing fingers or toes together (toward midline)

Question 39

Rotation

Answer 39

Left, right, medial - inward, lateral - outward

Question 40

Pronation

Answer 40

Turning wrist and hand from palm facing front to palm facing back

Question 41

Supination

Answer 41

Turning wrist and hand from palm facing back to palm facing front