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Anatomy And Physiology > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Three muscle tissue types

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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2
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Found in skeletal muscles, striations present, voluntary control

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3
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

GI tract, vascular system, diaphragm, no striations, involuntary control

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4
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Heart wall, striations present, involuntary control

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5
Q

Tendons

A

Collagen fibres of connective tissue layers in skeletal muscle extend beyond muscle at end

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6
Q

What do tendons attach muscles to?

A

Attaches muscle to bone

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7
Q

Ligaments

A

Fibrous connective tissue

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8
Q

What do ligaments connect together?

A

Bone to bone

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9
Q

Two types of muscle fibres

A

Red, slow twitch, for aerobic endurance.
White, fast twitch, for anaerobic strength.

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10
Q

Cori cycle

A

Lactate produced in muscle during peak activity diffuses into blood stream. Liver converts lactate to pyruvate.

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11
Q

How much of pyruvate is broken down in mitochondria for energy?

A

30%

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12
Q

What is the remaining 70% of pyruvate converted into?

A

Glucose

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13
Q

Oxygen debt

A

Amount of oxygen required to restore normal conditions

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14
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Repeated, exhaustive stimulation causes muscle fibres to develop; enlargement of whole muscle

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15
Q

Lack of stimulation to skeletal muscle causes?

A

Loss of muscle mass and tone.
Decreased size of muscle fibres (atrophy)

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16
Q

Atrophy

A

Somewhat natural process of aging
May be temporary with injury or cast immobilization
Dying muscle fibres not replaced, can be permanent

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17
Q

Clinical conditions affecting skeletal muscles

A

Polio, tetanus, botulism, myasthenia gravis

18
Q

Polio

A

Virus attacks motor neurons in spinal cord and brain, causes muscular atrophy and paralysis

19
Q

Tetanus

A

Caused by bacteria that lives in low-oxygen environments, releases toxin suppressing motor neuron inhibition; resulting in sustained, powerful contractions
40-60% mortality rate

20
Q

Botulism

A

Releases toxin that prevents ACh release in neuromuscular junction
Results in paralysis of skeletal muscle

21
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Disease characterized by loss of ACh receptors at neuromuscular junction

22
Q

Common muscle problems

A

Spasm, cramp, fasiculation

23
Q

Spasm

A

A sudden involuntary muscle contraction

24
Q

Cramp

A

Painful spasm that may be due to inadequate blood flow, dehydration, or overuse of

25
Q

Fasiculation

A

An involuntary brief twitch

26
Q

What can happen if muscles lack, caused by injury or death, nutrients or oxygen?

A

No ATP, calcium cannot be pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

27
Q

Rigour mortis

A

Condition after death causing person to stiffen up. Begins 2-7 hours after death and lasts 1-6 days

28
Q

Origin

A

Where fixed end of skeletal muscle attaches

29
Q

Insertion

A

Where moveable end of skeletal muscle attaches

30
Q

Action

A

Specific movement of skeletal muscle

31
Q

Flexion

A

Movement that reduces angle between structures

32
Q

Extension

A

Movement that increases angle between structures

33
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension beyond anatomical position

34
Q

Lateral flexion

A

When vertebral column bends to side

35
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexion at ankle joint involving elevation of sole of foot (toes pointing upwards)

36
Q

Planter flexion

A

Extension at ankle joint (toes pointing downward)

37
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from longitudinal axis, spreading fingers/toes (away from midline)

38
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward longitudinal axis, bringing fingers or toes together (toward midline)

39
Q

Rotation

A

Left, right, medial - inward, lateral - outward

40
Q

Pronation

A

Turning wrist and hand from palm facing front to palm facing back

41
Q

Supination

A

Turning wrist and hand from palm facing back to palm facing front

Anatomy And Physiology (8 decks)

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