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Anatomy And Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system organization

A

Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord
Integrates, processes, and coordinates sensory data and motor commands

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3
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

All neural tissue outside CNS
Sensory (afferent) division
Motor (efferent) division

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4
Q

Central nervous system functional anatomy

A

Contains 97% of body’s neural tissue
Weighs about 1.4 kg (3lbs) with 1200mL volume
Male brain about 10% larger than female ( No correlation between brain size and intelligence)

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5
Q

Sensory division of peripheral nervous system

A

Brings information to CNS from receptors
Somatic sensory receptors
Visceral sensory receptors
Special sensory receptors

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6
Q

Somatic sensory receptors

A

Provide sensation of touch, position, pressure, pain, temperature

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7
Q

Visceral sensory receptors

A

Monitor internal organs

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8
Q

Special sensory receptors

A

Provide sensations of smell, taste, vision, balance, hearing

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9
Q

Negative feedback for homeostasis

A
  1. Receptors: temperature receptors in skin and brain
  2. Control center: temperature control center
  3. Effectors: smooth muscle in walls of blood vessels and sweat glands
  4. Homeostasis restored
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10
Q

Motor division of the peripheral nervous system

A

Carries motor commands from CNS to target organs called effectors
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Carries messages to skeletal muscle

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12
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Carries messages to:
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Glands
Adipose tissue

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13
Q

Major components and functions of the nervous system

A
  1. Receptors - somatic, visceral, special sensory receptors
  2. Peripheral nervous system - sensory (afferent) division
  3. Central nervous system- information processing
  4. Peripheral nervous system - motor (efferent) division, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system
  5. Effectors - skeletal muscle, smooth, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue
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14
Q

Cerebrum; two cerebral hemispheres

A

Cerebellum, diecephalon

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15
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Superficial layer of gray matter

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16
Q

Functions of the cerebrum

A

Conscious thought, memory storage and processing, sensory processing, regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

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17
Q

Cerebellum

A

Second-largest structure in the brain
Coordinates and modulates motor commands from cerebral cortex

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18
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay and processing center for sensory information

20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Centres for emotions, autonomic functions, hormone production

21
Q

Brain stem regions; three parts

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

22
Q

Midbrain

A

Processes visual and auditory information
Helps maintain consciousness

23
Q

Pons

A

Connects cerebellum to brain stem
Controls respiratory pace and rhythm
Functions in somatic and visceral motor response

24
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Relays sensory information to brain stem and thalamus
Autonomic regulation centres for heart rate and blood pressure

25
Q

Structural features of neurons

A

Dendrites
Cell body
Axon

26
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive stimuli from environment or other neurons
Short and highly branched

27
Q

Cell body

A

Contains nucleus and other organelles
Cytoskeleton contains filaments that extend into dendrites and axon

28
Q

Axon

A

Carries information away from cell body toward other cells

29
Q

Why nerve cells do not regenerate

A

Centrosomes
Centrioles

30
Q

Axon terminal

A

End of axon adjacent to synapse
Synapse where neuron communicates with another cell
Presynaptic cell and post synaptic cell on either side

31
Q

Neural stem cells

A

Olfactory epithelium (sensory neurons for smell)
Retina of eye
Hippocampus (involved in short-term memory storage)

32
Q

Neuroglia or glial cells

A

Cells that support and protect neurons
Account for half the volume of the nervous system

33
Q

Astrocytes

A

Maintain blood-brain barrier

34
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Produce myelin

35
Q

Oligodendrocyte process winds around axon forming?

A

Concentric layers of lipid-rich material call myelin sheath

36
Q

Myelinated axons

A

Have myelin sheath

37
Q

Unmyelinated axons

A

Not completely covered by myelin

38
Q

Propagation speed fastest along?

A

Large-diameter axons
Myelinated axons

39
Q

Urgent information is carried along?

A

Large-diameter, myelinated axons

40
Q

Less urgent information is carried on?

A

Unmyelinated fibres

41
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of cell bodies

42
Q

Myelin sheath is formed by what in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

43
Q

What surrounds cell bodies (ganglia) in PNS?

A

Satellite cells

44
Q

Three functional classes of neurons

A

Sensory neurons
Interneurons
Motor neurons

45
Q

How many Sensory neurons?

A

About 10 million

46
Q

How many Interneurons?

A

About 20 billion

47
Q

How many Motor neurons?

A

About half a million

Anatomy And Physiology (12 decks)

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