Urinary System Flashcards
What are the 3 macroscopic parts of the kidney
Upper pole
Lower pole
Hilum
What are the layers of the kidney
Fibrous capsule ( thin tough outer layer)
Cortex ( middle layer where functional units are)
Medulla ( inner layer where macroscopic collecting system is)
Define the renal pyramids aka
Medulla pyramids
Smaller portion located in the medulla
Each pyramid is a small group of collecting tubules ( renal papilla)
Define minor calyx
Medium sized tubule that drains many microscopic collecting tubule
Define major calyx
Large collecting tube that drains several minor calyces
Define the renal pelvis
Largest collecting area of kidney
Drains all major calyces
Attaches to ureter
Define renal columns and renal sinuses
Space between renal pyramids and calyces
Very vascular
Define the nephron
Smallest single functional unit of a kidney
Primarily located in cortex but do reach the medulla
1 million per kidney
What are the parts of the nephron (6)
Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting tubule
Define the glomerulus &. What occurs
small capillaries where the exchange of water, electrolytes, and uric waste occurs
Part of circulatory system and the nephron
Define bowman’s capsule
Small collecting tube surrounding the glomerulus
Most proximal part of collecting system
Define proximal convoluted tubule & what happens
Long tubule extending down toward medulla of kidney
Some re absorption of water and mineral occur here
Define loop of henle
Where collecting tubules drops into the medulla and changes direction towards cortex
Includes descending and ascending limbs
Define distal convoluted tubule
Long tubule extending back up into cortex
Define collecting tubule
Extends down toward medulla
Drain several distal convoluted tubules into minor calyx
Many collecting tubules together form a renal pyramid
Where is the top of the kidney located
Level of T11/ T12
Where are the mid kidneys located
Level of L1/ L2
Where id the bottom
Of the kidneys located
Level of L3
How are the kidneys oriented in the body
30 degree angle
Where are the adrenal glands located
Upper pole of the kidneys
What are the functions of adrenal glands
Produces adrenaline
Part of endocrine system
Has no related urinary function
What are the functions of the ureter
“Push” urine from kidneys to bladder
Where are the ureters located
Begin @renal pelvis of each kidney
Extends down to cross the sacrum and enter urinary bladder
What are the 3 parts of ureters
Ureteropelvic junction
Pelvic brim
Ureterovesical junction
Define the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ)
Constricted area of proximal uteter just inferior to renal hilum
Define the pelvic brim
Constricted area of ureter where ureter crosses the lower sacrum and iliac artery
Define the ureterovesical junction (UVJ)
Constructed area of ureter where ureter enters the bladder
Posterior surface on lateral view
Where is the urinary bladder located
Sub peritoneal cavity
Superior and slightly posterior to Pubic bone
What is the function of the urinary bladder (5)
Urine reservoir
Excretion of urine
Urge to void capacity (250 cc)
Pain capacity (500 cc)
Total capacity (1000 cc)
What is the structure of the bladder
A muscular sac with a mucus membrane interior
What happens when the bladder is emptying
Rugae fold / bladder collapses
What muscle makes the bladder walls
Detrusor muscle
What attaches the bladder to the pelvic floor
Trigone muscle
What do the UVJ ( ureterovesical junction) form on the urinary bladder
The back corners of trigone
What does the internal urethral orifice form
Front corner of trigone
What kind id muscle is the internal urethral sphincter
Involuntary muscle
What kind of muscle is the external urethra sphincter
Voluntary muscle
During filling which way does the bladder expand
Superiorly from the trigone
Detrussor muscle allows the bladder to do what during filling
Expand
What keeps urine in?
Urethral sphincters contracting
What happens to the bladder during urination
It collapses towards trigone
How does the detrussor muscle force urine out
Contracts
What does the urethral sphincter do to allow urine flow
Relaxes
What are the 4 main renal functions
- Remove nitrogenous waste from blood and body
- Regulate water and balance in body
- Regulate electrolyte and pH balance in body
- Assist in maintaining blood pressure
What are 2 renal function test
BUN & creatinine
What is the most accurate test for renal function
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Define nephrolithiasis
Heavy mineral deposits resulting in stones
Define renal failure
Could be chronic or acute
Declining function can be caused by excretion of albumin , reduced filtration
What is immediate treatment for renal failure
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Kidney transplant
Define a UTI
More common in women
40% are hospital occured infections
Define micturition
Aka voiding
Voluntary unrination
Define incontinence
Aka enuresis
Involuntary urination
Define Anuria
No urine production
Define nephroptosis
Abnormal inferior displacement of kidneys
