Hematology and immunology C test Flashcards
what are the 4 functions of blood
- transport substances
- waste removal
- regulate/maintain body temp, water & electrolyte balance
- eliminate waste
what is plasma made of
92 % water
8 % proteins, salts, nutrients
how much blood volume is in the body
4-6 liters
8 % total body weight
what is the order in which blood replenishes
- blood plasma
- interstitial tissue fluid
- lymph fluid
- blood plasma
where do blood cells come from
inside red bone marrow
define hematopoiesis
production of all blood cells from undifferentiated stem cells
where do stem cells originate
red bone marrow
what are erythrocytes and what do they do
red blood cells
transport O2 and CO2 through blood
what is the life span of erythrocytes
120 days
how are O2 and CO2 transported through blood
hemoglobin
iron protein
define anemia
RBC or from deficiency
define erythrocytopenia
decrease in RBC
define sideropenia
decrease in iron
what are leukocytes and what do they do
WBC
defense mechanism of body
where are leukocytes formed
in red bone marrow and lymph spleen
what are the main leukocytes
Basophil
Eosinophil
neutrophil
mast cell
lymphocyte
monocyte
define leukocytosis
increase in WBC
define leukopenia
decrease in WBC
where do lymphocytes migrate
from red arrow to thymus gland
why is it important to know where the lymphocytes go
their location determines what they become
what are T- lymphocytes
lymphocytes that matured in the thymus
what are B-lymphocytes
lymphocytes that matured in the spleen and red marrow
where do mature T & B lymphocytes go
congregate in lymphoid tissue
define platelets
AKA thrombocytes
blood clotting fragments
what are the steps to form a blood clot
- platelets attach to endothelium
- platelets release fibrin and seal it
- fibrin traps RBC, and completely seals endothelium
define thrombocytopenia
low thrombocyte count
what are blood clotting medication
aspirin
heparin
Coumadin
what is streptokinase
a thrombolytic
define hemophilia
inability to clot
what is a complete blood count
lab test to determine cell count in blood
what does hematocrit test
% of RBC per blood volume
what is a titer
check for presence of antibodies to asses immunity
each mL of blood contains….
more RBC per unit of blood
what are the 3 lines of defense
- skin
- non specific immunity
- specific immunity
define the skin
physical barrier
chemical barrier
1st line of defense
define non specific immunity
initial response when invaded by a pathogen
occurs at the site of entry
what are the steps in non specific immunity
- mast cells cause vasodilation to warn other leukocytes
- mast cell creates histamine to kill pathogen
- neutrophils secrete chemical to kill pathogen
- Neutrophils & macrophage engulf pathogen
- macrophage please a chemical to keep process going
what are the defenses in non specific immunity
fever
inflammation
phagocytosis
define specific immunity
response to a specific pathogen or antigen
what is an antigen
protein marker found in cells that identifies if human or not
what is an antibody
proteins produced by the body to disable pathogens
“y” shaped
what are the 2 ways your immune system responds
Cell mediated response
Humoral response
what is the cell mediated response
cytotoxic T lymphocytes destroy pathogens
what is humoral response
B lymphocytes produce antibodies that tag specific pathogens
what are the first 4 steps in cell mediated & humoral response
- Pathogen enters body
- macrophage attacks
- macrophage displays on pathogen surface
- Helper T cells recognize pathogen by its antigen
what are steps 5&6 in cell mediated
- Pathogen enters body
- macrophage attacks
- macrophage displays on pathogen surface
- Helper T cells recognize pathogen by its antigen
- Helper T cells activate cytotoxic T lymphocyte
6.cytotoxic cells release chemical to kill pathogen
what are steps 5, 6, & 7 if humoral response
- Pathogen enters body
- macrophage attacks
- macrophage displays on pathogen surface
- Helper T cells recognize pathogen by its antigen
- helper T cells activate B lymphocytes
- B cells produce antibodies based on pathogens antigens
- antibodies can attach to antigens in future
what are the 5 types of immunizations
Dead
-polio, influenza injection
live but weak
-TB, chicken pox , nasal influenza
Only pathogens antigens
-Hep B
DNA inserted
-Covid J&J
mRna no pathogen
-covid phizer and moderna
define herd immunity
enough people in the population are vaccinated
what is the universal blood type donor
o-
what is the universal blood recipient
AB+
what is lupus erythematosus
multiple organs are attacked and slowly shut down
what are the 2 criteria to be an allergic reaction
B cellymphocytes produce IgE antibody
An exaggeretd cell response
