Hematology And Immunology Flashcards
What are the 4 functions of blood
-transports substances needed for cellular metabolism
-waste removal
- maintain and regulate body temperature, water, and electrolytes
-Defense against pathogens, alllergens, and cancer cells
What is plasma made of
92% water
8% proteins , salts, and nutrients
Its the liquid portion of blood
How much blood volume is in the body
4-6 liters
About 8 % total body weight
How long does it take for blood volume to replenish
4-8 weeks
What is the cycle of plasma and lymph fluid being recycled
Blood plasma
Interstitial tissue fluid
Lymph fluid
Blood plasma
Where do blood cells come from
Inside red bone marrow
What is hematopoiesis
Production of all blood cells from undifferentiated stem cells
What are erythrocytes and what do they do?
Red blood cells
Transport O2 and CO2 through blood
What do you call a decrease in RBC’s
Erythrocytopenia
What do you call a decrease in iron
Sideropenia
What are leukocytes
White blood cells
What is the purpose of leukocytes
Defense mechanism of the body formed in red bone marrow , lymph spleen
What are the major types of leukocytes
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Mast cell
Lymphocytes
Neutrophil
Basophil
What is an increased white blood count called
Leukocytosis
What is an decrease in white blood cells
Called
Leukopenia
What role do lymphocytes play
Have a critical role in immune response to pathogens
Where do lymphocytes migrate from
Red marrow to the thymus gland, that’s where they mature
Why is important to know where lymphocytes migrate to
Where lymphocytes mature determines the the type they become
What are thymus lymphocytes called
T- lymphocytes
What are spleen and red marrow lymphocytes called
B lymphocytes
Where does mature T and B congregate
They circulate through the blood and congregate in the lymphoid tissue
What are platelets called
Thrombocytes
Which are blood clotting cell fragments
What are the stages of coagulation
Stage 1: platelets attach to endothelium (vessel wall)
Stage 2: platelets start to release fibrin and begin to seal to endothelium
Stage 3: the fibrin network traps the RBC, and completely seal the endothelium
What prevents blood plasma and cells from leaking out of vessel walls
Platelets (RBC clumps)
What are abnormally low thrombocytes counts called
Thrombocytopenia
May result in frequent bruising, epistaxis and clotting
What medications prevent or reduce clots
Anticoagulants
-aspirin
-heparin
-coumadin
What is hemophilia
Inherited genetic disease disorder resulting from absence of critical clotting
-patient can’t clot
Per unit of blood there are more ……
Red blood cells
What is the first line of defense of immunity
The skin
-Physical barrier that’s hard to penetrate, mainly keratin
- chemical barriers tears, sweat, and low pH repel pathogens
What is the second line of defense in immunity
Non specific
The initial response when invaded by a pathogen
Occurs at site of entry
What is the first thing that happens in non specific immunity when pathogens enter the body
Mast cells cause vasodilation to alert other leukocytes
Mast cells secrete histamine to
Kill pathogens
What is the 2nd thing that happens in non specific immunity
Neutrophils secrete chemicals to kill pathogens
Neutrophils also engulf pathogens (phagocytosis)
What is the 3rd thing that happens in non specific immunity
Macrophage engulf pathogens (phagocytosis)
Macrophages release chemical cytokines to keep the process going
What is the 3rd line of defense
Specific immune response
Responds to a specific pathogen and antigen
What is an antigen
A protein marker in cells that identify the cell as human…or not
What is an antibody
Proteins produced by the body to disable pathogens
Y shaped
What are the 2 ways the immune system will respond
Cell mediated response
Humoral response
Discuss cell mediated response
Cytotoxic T- lymphocytes destroy pathogens
Discuss the humoral response
B-lymphocytes produce antibodies that “tag” specific pathogens
What are the first 3 steps of cell mediated response and Humoral response
Step 1: pathogen enters the body
Step 2: macrophage “attacks” pathogen
Step 3: macrophage displays portion of pathogen on surface
What are stages 4-6 in cell mediated response
Stage 4: Helper T-lymphocytes recognize pathogen by its antigen
Stage 5: “Helper T lymphocyte “ activate cytotoxic T lymphocyte
Stage 6: cytotoxic T cell releases chemicals to kill pathogen
What are stages 4-7 in humoral response
Stage 4: Helper T lymphocytes “recognize” pathogens by its antigen
Stage 5: Helper T-lymphocyte activates B-lymphocyte
Stage 6: B-cells produce antibodies based on the pathogens antigens
Stage 7: antibodies released and attach to pathogens antigens in future
What are the 2 purposes of vaccinations
Individual immunity to infectious diseases
Population safety by limiting the spread of infectious diseases
Define a vaccination
The act of getting a vaccine to produce immunity to a specific infection or disease
Define immunization
Becoming immune to a specific infection or disease, typically through vaccination
What would be the cause for one to be immunocompromised or immunosuppressed
HIV/AIDS
Where do stem cells originate from
Red bone marrow
