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urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

refers to the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment independent of changes in the external environment

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2
Q

Provide some examples of homeostasis?

A
  • blood plasma levels of pH
  • osmoregulation concentrations
  • Glucose level consistency for cells especially brain and heart
  • blood pressure
  • hormone levels
  • thermoregulation
  • metabolic wastes can’t build up to toxic levels
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3
Q

What is thermoregulation

A

Bodies ability to maintain a consistent body temperature

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4
Q

Define osmoregulation

A

the maintenance of internal body fluids in terms of water and dissolved solutes, such as salt, relative to the surrounding environment

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5
Q

What is the role of the urinary system (kidneys)

A
  • involved in osmoregulation
  • excretion of metabolic wastes
  • controls water and ion balance in body
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6
Q

What % of the adult body is composed of water?

A

55-60%

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7
Q

what are the sources of water within the body

A
  • preformed water

- metabolic water

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8
Q

What is preformed water

A

water from ingested foods and liquids

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9
Q

What is metabolic water

A

water created by dehydration synthesis reactions

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10
Q

How is water lost in the body in descending order

A
  • kidneys
  • skin perspiration
  • skin evaporation
  • lungs
  • GI tract
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11
Q

How do fluid levels remain constant?

A

usually water gain is equal to water loss

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12
Q

Describe the fluid compartments of the body

A

water in our bodies is found both inside cells and outside cells

  • intracellular fluid (cytosol) - within cells
  • extracellular fluid - fluid outside cells
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13
Q

What are the subdivisions of extracellular fluid?

A
  • interstitial fluid - btwn cells in tissues
  • blood plasma
  • lymph
  • cerebrospinal fluid
  • others
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14
Q

Describe Fluid composition within urinary system

A
  • fluids mainly consist of water but also have dissolved solutes
  • dissolved solutes can be ions, proteins, sugars, hormones, other specialized molecules
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15
Q

What are the most prevalent ions in body fluids?

A
  • sodium
  • chloride
  • potassium
  • calcium
  • bicarbonate
  • phosphate
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16
Q

Define fluid balance

A
  • refers to the correct amount of water in the correct places
  • implies a balance of solutes including electrolytes
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17
Q

Describe how the kidneys excrete of metabolic wastes

A
  • metabolic wastes are formed mainly in the liver, which converts amino acids into molecules to be used for cellular respiration
  • Kidneys remove wastes from the blood
  • nitrogenous wastes are produced which include ammonia, urea, and uric acid
  • Liver must convert ammonia to uric acid or urea due to it being very toxic in the body
  • uric acid is the most energetically costly for production (requires lots of ATP to make it)
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18
Q

What is a nitrogenous waste?

A
  • a toxic byproduct containing nitrogen produced in the liver due to the breakdown of amino acids
  • Very toxic in the body and must be converted.
19
Q

What is the process of creating uric acid

A
  • Amino acid
  • Ammonia
  • Urea
  • Uric Acid
20
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A
  • paired kidneys
  • paired ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • single urethra
21
Q

What is the function of the ureters

A

Drain the kidneys

22
Q

What is the function of the urinary bladder

A

stores urine

23
Q

What is the function of the urethra

A

drains bladder

24
Q

What is the role of the kidneys?

A
  • filters approx. 2000 litres of blood / day
  • monitors and regulates water, ion, sugar, and other molecules
  • removes a variety of potentially harmful substances
25
Q

Describe the structure of the kidney

A
  • pair of kidney bean shaped organs with 2 regions
  • outer called cortex
  • inner called medulla
  • Composed of tubules called Nephrons
26
Q

What are nephrons

A
  • tubules surrounded by interstitial fluid and blood capillaries
  • over 1 million tiny nephrons / kidney
27
Q

What is the role of nephrons?

A
  • filter the urine (filtration)

- allow for water and important solutes to be reabsorbed back into the blood (reabsorption and secretion)

28
Q

Describe the structure of a nephron

A
  • coiled tubes that pack tightly together
  • They have regions in order they are
    • bowmans capsule
    • proximal convoluted tubule
    • loop of henle
    • distal convoluted tubule
    • collecting ducts
29
Q

Describe the path of urine drainage

A
  • converge at the renal pelvis
  • empties in a single ureter
  • ureter exits the kidneys and leads to the urinary bladder
  • bladder is drained by the urethra
30
Q

Describe renal physiology

A
  • 3 processes (filtration, resorption, secretion) occur in the human kidney involved in osmoregulation and metabolic waste excretion resulting in the formation of urine
  • Blood arrives at the kidney through renal artery which branches until single supplies the glomerulus or tuft of capillaries where the blood is filtered
31
Q

Describe how the filtration function of the kidney works

A
  • occurs at the renal corpuscle consists of bowman’s capsule of the nephron and the glomerulus
  • high blood pressure forces almost everything out of the glomerulus and into the lumen of the bowman’s capsule with the exception of formed elements
  • forms around 200 liters of filtrate each day
  • only forms 1-2 liters of urine rest is reabsorbed
  • Most of the filtrate will be reabsorbed by blood before urine is formed
32
Q

What is blood pressure not able to force out of the glomerulus?

A
  • formed elements

- medium and large proteins

33
Q

What does filtrate consist of?

A

water, hydrogen ions Na+Cl, ammonia, urea, glucose, amino acids, vitamins

34
Q

Describe the secretion process of the kidneys

A
  • selective addition of solutes from the blood to filtrate occurring farther along the nephron
  • waste products and excessive ions are eliminated in the urine this way
  • important for regulating pH
35
Q

Describe the reabsorption process of the kidneys

A
  • selective removal of necessary substances from the filtrate across the nephron and back into the blood
  • includes reabsorption of sugars, vitamins, amino acids, water, sodium chloride, bicarbonate ions
36
Q

What hormone targets the kidneys and what is it’s function?

A

ADH acts on the nephron and alter urine volume and also blood volume and pressure

37
Q

What is the composition of normal urine

A
  • water
  • metabolic wastes
    • urea, ammonia, uric acid
  • ions
  • drugs, antibodies, water soluble vitamins
38
Q

What should not be found in normal urine

A
  • glucose
  • more than a trace amount of protein
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • bacteria or yeast
39
Q

Why should glucose not be found in urine?

A
  • indicator of diabetes mellitus

- blood glucose levels are abnormally high and the quantity filtered cannot be completely reabsorbed

40
Q

Why should trace amounts of protein not be found in urine

A

high blood pressure, kidney disease, or infection

41
Q

Why should red blood cells not be found in urine

A

sign of kidney disease (filter damage)

42
Q

Why should white blood cells not be found in urine

A

indicator of infection

43
Q

Why should bacteria or yeast not be found in urine

A

indicator of infection

RMT Program (18 decks)

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