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RMT Program > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Define hormones.

A

-small Chemical compounds produced by endocrine cells or glands

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2
Q

Describe the Characteristics of hormones.

A
  • release into blood and travel throughout body
  • Reach a target cell and produce a response
  • same hormones can have a different effect depending on the cells they reach
  • some hormones only release under specific circumstances
  • some hormones are always circulating
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3
Q

What are the functions of hormones?

A
  • regulate chemical composition of body fluids
  • control glandular secretions
  • control metabolism
  • involved in immunity
  • regulate reproduction
  • regulate growth and development
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4
Q

List the endocrine organs

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary Gland
    • anterior
    • posterior
  • Thyroid
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Pancreas
  • Gonad
    • testes
    • ovaries
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5
Q

what is the Hypothalamus

A

Region of the brainstem that receives info from nervous system and endocrine system and can respond by releasing hormones

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6
Q

What organ does the hypothalamus hormones act on?

A
  • anterior pituitary gland

- stimulates posterior pituitary to release it’s hormones

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7
Q

What is another name for hypothalamus and why?

A
  • master endocrine organ

- it controls the release of other hormones

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8
Q

Describe the structure of the pituitary gland

A
  • marble sized gland and base of the brain

- divided into anterior and posterior lobes

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9
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

A

-receives info from the hypothalamus

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10
Q

What is the role of the anterior pituitary gland

A

-produces growth hormones

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11
Q

what is growth hormone?

A

-affects cells by increasing protein synthesis

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12
Q

What is the role of posterior pituitary gland

A

releases ADH (antidiuretic hormones)

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13
Q

what is ADH?

A
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • targets kidneys causing water reabsorption
  • maintains blood volume and pressure
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14
Q

Where are the thyroid glands located

A

-Anterior surface of the trachea

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15
Q

What is the role of the thyroid gland

A

Produces thyroid hormones

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16
Q

What is the function of thyroid hormones?

A
  • regulates metabolism
  • targets heart, muscles, liver, and kidneys
  • controls heat production
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17
Q

What substance does the hormones of the thyroid contain

A

-iodine

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18
Q

Describe the adrenal glands

A

-pair of glands located above the kidneys

19
Q

what are the 2 regions that make up the adrenal glands

A
  • inner adrenal medulla

- outer adrenal cortex

20
Q

How does the adrenal medulla work?

A
  • receives signal from nervous system
  • produces 2 hormones
  • Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
21
Q

when are adrenal medulla hormones secreted?

A
  • in response to stress (good or bad)

- yields the flight or fight response

22
Q

What stimulates the adrenal cortex

A

-stress

23
Q

What hormone is produced by the adrenal glands

A

-steroid hormone

24
Q

what is cortisol?

A
  • hormone produced by adrenal cortex
  • promotes conversion of protein and fat into glucose
  • becomes available as fuel for flight or fight
  • reduces inflammation temporarily to allow fight or flight with an injury
25
Q

What two body systems does the pancreas work with

A
  • Exocrine or digestive system

- Endocrine functions

26
Q

Describe the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

-production of pancreatic juice which releases into pancreatic duct and small intestine

27
Q

what substances does the pancreatic juice contain?

A
  • digestive enzymes

- bicarbonate ions

28
Q

Describe what carries out the endocrine functions of the pancreas

A
  • small groups of cells called pancreatic islet cells

- in-dispersed within many exocrine cells

29
Q

What are the 2 hormones secreted by the pancreas

A
  • insulin

- glucagon

30
Q

Describe the role of insulin

A
  • secreted when blood glucose level are high
  • causes blood glucose to be taken up by metabolically active cells
  • causes glucose to be converted into glycogen to increase blood glucose levels
31
Q

describe the role of glucagon

A
  • secreted when blood glucose levels are low

- causes glycogen in liver t be converted into glucose to increase blood glucose levels

32
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

-a disorder with a decrease in insulin production or activity

33
Q

what are the 2 types of diabetes mellitus?

A
  • Type 1

- type 2

34
Q

Describe type 1 diabetes mellitus

A
  • autoimmune destruction of insulin producing cells
  • body loses ability to use glucose in cells because insulin is not present in the blood
  • body uses cellular stores of protein and fat as energy
  • increase glucose levels means urinate glucose, water follows due to osmosis
  • managed by insulin injections
35
Q

Describe type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

-Insulin is produced however is not picked up by cell receptors

36
Q

what is the cause of type 2 diabetes

A

-faulty insulin production or a decrease in activity of insulin receptors on cells of the body

37
Q

How is type 2 DM managed

A
  • diet

- carb restriction

38
Q

What are gonads

A
  • Testes and ovaries
  • site of gamete production
  • hormone production for development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics
  • hormones produced also play role in behaviour
39
Q

Describe testes

A
  • paired, external structures found in males

- produces sperm cells

40
Q

What hormones do testes produce

A

-androgens such as testosterone

41
Q

What is the role of testosterone?

A
  • in embryo - determines gender as male

- in puberty: develops facial hair, voice changes, increase muscle mass, sperm production

42
Q

Describe ovaries

A

-paired structures in female that produce ova or eggs

43
Q

what hormones do ovaries produce

A
  • estrogens

- progesterone

44
Q

What is the role of estrogens and progesterones?

A

at puberty

  • development of egg maturation and the ventral cycle prepared uterus for possible pregnancy
  • play role in pregnancy and lactation

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