Introduction Flashcards
Define Anatomy
a process of cutting up or the study of the structure of the body
Define Physiology
Study of the function of the body
Define Pathology
Study of disease or when the body is not in a steady-state
What are the levels of organization in the body?
Chemical, Cellular, Tissues, Organ, Systems, Organism
List the components of the chemical level of organization of the body.
- Subatomic particles,
- Atoms,
- Inorganic compounds,
- organic compounds
What are subatomic particles?
smaller than atoms, consist of protons, electrons, neutrons
What are atoms?
the basic subunit of elements that make up matter
What are inorganic molecules?
includes water, oxygen, carbon dioxide
What are organic molecules
- chemical building blocks of living things,
- store energy,
- composed of carbon and hydrogen
Define Cells
Smallest living things and basic structural unit of an organism
What is a selectively permeable membrane?
Surrounds a cell. Regulates the passage of substances in and out of the cell
What are organelles?
Found within cells. Specialized parts of a cell each with a particular function
Define Tissues
Groups of cells and the materials surrounding them, work together to serve a common function
what are the 4 types of tissues?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
What are epithelial tissues
covers, lines, and forms glands
What are connective tissues?
protects, supports, binds, and provides immunity
What are muscle tissues?
able to contract to cause movement or change the volume of structures
What is nervous tissue?
Transmits nerve impulses
Define Organs?
groups of tissues working together to serve a common function. Has a recognizable shape
What are examples of Organs?
skin, kidney, the skull, stomach, brain, heart
Define the Organ system level of organization?
are composed of groups of organs working together to carry out a common function
Define organ systems
Composed of groups of organs that work together to perform a common function.
What are the 11 organ systems in the body?
Intigmentary, cardiovascular, muscular, uranary, digestive, respiratory, skeletal, endocrine, reproductive, nervous, lymphatic.
What are the components of the intigmentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, oil and sweat glands
What are the functions of the intigmentary?
- Regulates body temperature,
- protects the body,
- eliminates some waste,
- helps make vit. D,
- detects sensations such as touch, pressure, pain, warmth, cold
What are the components of the skeletal system
Bones, Joints, and their associated cartilage
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Supports and protects the body, provides a specific area for muscles to attach, assists with body movement, stores cells that produce red blood cells, and stores minerals and lipids
What are the components of the muscular system?
Refers to skeletal muscles (muscles that attach to bone)
What are the functions of the muscular system?
- participates in body movements,
- maintains posture,
- produces heat
What are the components of the nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs (eyes, ears, etc)
What are the functions of the nervous system?
control system that regulates body actives through never impulses. Detects changes in the environment, interprets those changes, and responds to the changes by glandular secretions or muscular contractions
What are the components of the Endocrine system
All glands and tissues that produce hormones
What are hormones
chemicals secreted by glands that regulates body functions
What are the functions of the endocrine system
Control system that regulates body activities through hormones. Transported by blood to various target organs
What are the components of the cardiovascular system
Blood, Heart, Blood Vessels
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system
- heart pumps blood through the blood vessels
- blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells
- helps regulate acidity, temperature, and water content of body fluids
- blood components help defend against disease and mend damaged blood vessels
List the components of the lymphatic system?
- Lymphatic fluid,
- lymphatic vessels,
- spleen,
- lymph nodes,
- tonsils.
- Cells that carry out immune responses. (Beta and T cells and others)
What is the function of the lymphatic system
- returns protein and fluid to blood
- carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
- contains sites of maturation and proliferation of beta and T cells, which protects against disease causing microbes
List the components of the digestive system?
organs of the gastrointestinal tract
-mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, anus
Accessory digestive organs
-salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
What are the functions of the digestive system?
- Physically and chemically break down food stuff
- absorb nutrients
- eliminate solid waste
List the components of the respiratory system.
Lunges and air passageways, Pharynx (throat), Larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes leading into and out of them
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
- Transfer oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and co2 from the blood to exhaled air
- helps regulate acidity of body fluids
- produces sound from the vocal cords
List the components of the Urinary system
Kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra
What are the functions of the urinary system?
- Produces, stores and eliminates urine
- eliminates waste
- regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
- helps regulate acidity of body fluid
- maintains body mineral balance
- helps regulate red blood cell production
List the components of the Reproductive system
Gonads (testes or ovaries)
Associated organs female
-uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
Associated organs male
-epididymus, ductus (vas) deferens, penis
What is the function of the reproductive system?
- Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes), they untie to form a new organism and release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
- associated organs transport and store gametes
- mammary glands produce milk
How does an organism work.
All the parts of organization work together to become a living organism.
What are the characteristic of living things?
Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Reproduction, Differentiation
Define Metabolism
the sum of all chemical processes occurring in the body
How does metabolism work?
We ingest food, break it down, use it to supply energy for chemical reactions in the body or use it for building cells and other body components
What are the 2 components to metabolism?
Anabolism and Catabolism
what is Anabolism?
building smaller units into larger molecules which requires energy.
- Amino acids into proteins
What is Catabolism?
Breaking larger molecules up into smaller parts. This releases energy.
-proteins into amino acids
What is meant by Responsiveness of a living organism?
Living organisms can sense and respond to stimuli.
-Externally; light, outside temp, touch, pain
-Internally; body temp, blood pressure, glucose and oxygen levels, pH (acidity)
Utilizes different organ systems
-sensory organs, nervous system, muscles and glands
What is meant by movement of a living organism
-Have the capacity for movement externally such as working, and internally such as the beating of the heart.
What is meant by growth of a living organism.
All living organisms are capable of growth. Increase the size of individual cells or the number of cells
what is meant by reproduction of living organisms
refers to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement. Also the union of gametes to form offspring
What is meant by differentiation of a living organism?
- process in which we develop from a zygote created by fertilization into a specialized multicellular organism.
- Each cell type in the body has a specialized functions
what is homeostasis?
the bodies ability to maintain a steady state or equilibrium internally inspite of internal or external environmental changes
What are Homeostatic Imbalances
Occur when equilibrium is disrupted by internal or external stimuli
What are feedback mechanisms within the body?
cycle of events the body deploys to attempt to return the controlled condition back to an acceptable set point range
What is the sequence in a general feedback system in the body?
1) stimulus disrupts homeostasis
2) receptor
3) input
4) control centre (brain and spinal cord)
5) output
6) effector (usually muscles or glands
What is a negative feedback mechanism in the body?
what are two examples
- Reverses the effect of the original stimulus.
- If a stimulus causes blood pressure to rise, it gets lowered by the body affecting the diameter of blood vessels
- If blood glucose rises, blood glucose levels are decreased by the production of a hormone called insulin
What is a positive feedback mechanism in the body?
Give 2 examples.
Enhances the effect of the original stimulus.
- when labor contractions begin positive feedback mechanism contracts smooth muscle until baby is delivered
- if a vessel is punctured blood clotting starts, rate of clotting is increased until the hole is plugged.
what is Anatomical position?
- standing facing the person, head level
- eyes facing forward
- feet flat and directed forward
- arms at the side with palms turned forward
- Anterior surface facing towards you (front side)
- Posterior surface facing away (backend)
Prone
Lying face down
Supine
Lying face up
Superior (cephalic, cranial)
above, higher than, towards the head, upper part
Inferior (caudal)
below, lower than, away from the head
anterior (ventral)
before, in front of, nearer to front
posterior (dorsal)
towards the rear, behind, back of body
medial
pertaining to the middle, nearer to midline
lateral
pertaining to the side, farther from the midline
intermediate
situated btwn 2 structures
ipsilateral
on the same side
contralateral
on the opposite side
proximal
- nearest the point of attachment
- centre of the body or point of reference
distal
farthest form the centre, from the medial line or from trunk
superficial
confined to the surface, towards or on the surface
deep
below the surface
