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RMT Program > Ch. 3 - Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Ch. 3 - Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Define Cytology

A

Study of the cell structure

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2
Q

Define Organelles

A

small organs with characteristic shapes that have specific functions within the cell

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3
Q

What surrounds cells?

A

a selectively permeable cell membrane or plasma membrane

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4
Q

What is the cell membrane composed of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer which helps contain the contents of the cell

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5
Q

define cytosol

A
  • The fluid that is found within cells

- also called intracellular fluid

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6
Q

what is the Cytoplasm

A

-This is the area within the cell making up the cytoplasm and organelles which don’t include the nucleus

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7
Q

What are the components of cytosol?

A

-Water (fluid solvent)
-ions nutrients, gasses, wastes, enzymes
(dissolved solutes)

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8
Q

Define Extracellular fluid

A

fluid found outside of the cell

  • interstitial fluid (found btw cells
  • Plasma - the liquid portion of the blood
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9
Q

What is another name for the plasma membrane

A

plasmalemma

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10
Q

Describe the function of the cell membrane.

A
  • maintains the shape of cells
  • separates the cytoplasm of the cell from the external environment
  • selectively permeable due to the ability to maintain a different internal composition
  • composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates which are not in a fixed position
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11
Q

Define fluid mosaic model

A

describes the constantly changing form of cell membrane structure

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12
Q

what can cross the cell membrane?

A

-Non-polar or lipid-soluble substances

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13
Q

What is the process permeable substances move across the bilayer of a cell?

A

diffusion - substances can move down their concentration gradients

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14
Q

What substances are not able to cross the cell membrane?

A
  • polar or water-soluble substances

- charged ions

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15
Q

how do polar or water-soluble substances get into a cell?

A
  • Travel through channels in membrane proteins

- can also be transported into the cell by proteins against the concentration gradient

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16
Q

What are the key organelles?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus/complex
  • Mitochondria
  • Centrioles
  • cytoskeleton
  • Cilia and Flagella
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17
Q

Describe the characteristics of the nucleus

A
  • the control center for the cell
  • surrounded by the nuclear envelope (membrane)
  • contains genetic information in the form of DNA
  • DNA can be packed as Chromosomes when the cell is dividing
  • DNA is referred to as Chromatin when not dividing
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18
Q

What are Nucleoli?

A

Dark regions within the nucleus which are sites of ribosome formation

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19
Q

What are genes?

A

Specific regions on chromosomes that carry directions for making proteins

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20
Q

What is Chromatin

A
  • DNA that is found in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing
  • Thin and diffuse
21
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

-When the nucleus is dividing, DNA becomes thick and rod-shaped packages

22
Q

Describe the characteristics of ribosomes

A
  • composed of protein and ribosomal RNA
  • found in the nucleus, free-floating in the cytosol, or bound to a membrane inside the cell
  • site of protein synthesis
23
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • composed of flattened sacs made of lipid bilayers
  • membrane network expands throughout the cytoplasm
  • Rough ER: has ribosomes attached and makes protein
  • Smooth ER: has no ribosomes attached, makes lipids, more membranes, detoxifies substances, or stores substances
24
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Golgi apparatus/complex

A
  • membranous organelle
  • collects, packages, and distributes proteins make by rough ER
  • proteins can then be retained and used by the cell or shipped out of the cell
25
Q

Describe the characteristics of the mitochondria,

A
  • very small and membranous
  • many in cells that require energy
  • site of aerobic cellular respiration
  • All enzymes must be present for cellular respiration to occur
26
Q

Define Cellular Respiration

A

cells generate energy in the form of ATP which is generated by breaking down glucose

27
Q

Define Cytoskeleton

A

a complex arrangement of filamentous proteins which plays a role in cell shape or cytoskeleton and internal movement

28
Q

What is an example of a cytoskeleton?

A

microtubules

29
Q

What are microtubules

A

Makes up a number of organelles including centrioles, cilia, and flagella

30
Q

Define Centrioles

A

paired and barrel-shaped organelles made up of microtubules

31
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A
  • assist in the formation of cilia and flagella

- involved in the assembly of microtubules to form the spindle apparatus

32
Q

What is the spindle apparatus?

A

required for the movement of chromosomes during cell division

33
Q

What are Flagella and cilia?

A
  • made from microtubules and are anchored to cells
  • sperm cells have 1 flagellum, loner than cilia
  • cilia are found on the free surface of epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract
34
Q

List the functions of cells and what are the process called for those functions?

A
  1. Protein synthesis
    - transcription
    - translation
  2. Cell Division
    - mitosis
    - meiosis
  3. Cellular Respiration
    - aerobic
    - anaerobic
35
Q

Define Protein synthesis

A

the formation of proteins using genetic information that is found in the sequence of DNA nucleotides that make up a gene

36
Q

What is Transcription

A
  • the first step in protein synthesis
  • occurs in the nucleus
  • The DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a single strand of RNA
  • mRNA leaves the cell through the nuclear pore
37
Q

What is Translation

A
  • the second step in protein synthesis
  • translates nucleic acids into the language understood by proteins
  • free ribosomes or ribosomes of rough ER mRNA + tRNA from peptide bonds between amino acids to form polypeptides following the directions from mRNA nucleotide sequence
38
Q

How do the Endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi Complex work together in a cell?

A
  • ribosomes produce proteins
  • the proteins are transferred in a vesicle to the Golgi complex
  • the Golgi complex packages proteins and then transports them
39
Q

What is cell division

A
  • cells divide to make more cells
  • all living things composed of tissue start off as a single-cell unit called the fertilized egg
  • There are 2 types of division mitosis and meiosis, mitosis is the main type of cell division
40
Q

What is mitosis

A
  • 1 cell divides to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells with the same DNA and chromosomes
  • key for the growth of bones in children, growth of hair, and repairing tissue
41
Q

What are stem cells?

A

cels that repair under mitosis such as hair follicles, skin, red bone marrow

42
Q

What is Meiosis

A

-occurs in gonads
-produces gametes
-gametes have 1/2 number of chromosomes and are each genetically unique
gametes fuse the number of chromosomes is completed

43
Q

How does cell division work?

A

-Cells are not always dividing they have various stages called cell cycles

44
Q

What is a cell cycle

A

accounts for periods of cell division or when a cell is carrying out its specific function

45
Q

What is Cellular Respiration?

A

the process used by cells to convert food energy into usable energy in the body

  • called ATP
  • used for growth transport and chemical reactions
  • usually involves mitochondria
46
Q

what is the formula for Cellular Respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen ->Carbon Dioxide + Water

-ATP is formed

47
Q

What is ATP

A

-stores energy in high-energy phosphate bonds
-energy is received by breaking bonds of glucose
-energy fuels other reactions
-There are 2 types of cellular respiration
(anaerobic and aerobic)

48
Q

What is Anaerobic Cellular Respiration?

A
  • doesn’t require oxygen
  • produces lactic acid in muscles
  • 2 molecules of ATP are produced / glucose molecule
49
Q

What is aerobic Cellular Respiration?

A
  • Requires oxygen

- 36 molecules of ATP / glucose are produced

RMT Program (18 decks)

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