Intro to Chemistry Flashcards
Define Chemistry
The science of the basic substances that make up any type of matter and the interactions between these structures.
Define Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Define Mass
refers to the amount of matter in a substance
Define Chemical Elements
- substances that can not be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.
- Quantity of matter composed of the 1 type of atom
How many chemical elements are there?
112, 92 being naturally occurring
What are chemical symbols
Found on the periodic table. They are the names of all the elements. The names typically contain the first 1 or 2 letters of the element’s name.
What are the Important Chemical elements of the body?
- oxygen ,o
- cabon, c
- hydrogen, h
- nitrogen, n
- calcium, ca
- phosphorus, p
- potassium, k
- sulfur, s
- chlorine, cl
- sodium, na
- iodine, i
- iron, fe
Define Atom
the smallest unit of matter that retains the element in question
What are subatomic particles
- Found within Atoms at the nucleus.
- contains protons, neutrons, and electrons
What are protons?
have a positive charge, found within the nucleus
what are neutrons
have a no charge, found within the nucleus
What are electrons
Have a negative charge, Found around the nucleus
What are the 2 models of the structure of an atom?
- Electron cloud model
- Electron shell model
What is the Election shell model?
- Demonstrates where electrons are likely to be based on valance shells.
- the first shell can hold up to 2 electrons
- all other shells can hold up to 8 total electrons
- Atoms always seek to have completed outer shells
- the atomic number is = to the number of protons in an atom
Define Molecule
when 2 or more atoms with incomplete outer electron shells are joined by bonds to become stable
Define compounds
when 2 or more different atoms are joined
What are the types of chemical bonds?
Covalent Bonds and Ionic Bonds
What are covalent bonds?
Share electrons to form a full outer electron shell around the nucleus of each atom involved
what are ionic bonds?
one of more atoms donates an electron to another atom to form a stable outer shell for all atoms involved in the bond
What are examples of covalent bonds?
Glucose, water, oxygen
what are examples of ionic bonds?
NaCl , HCL
Define Ions
the result of an atom of a compound joined by ionic bonds. Gives up or gains an electron. It becomes positive or negatively charged when placed in a solution.
What are Electrolytes?
When a compound is placed in a solution and breaks down into ions
What are the ways energy can be formed within an organism?
- Sunlight
- the flow of electrons or ions (electrical energy
- in chemical bonds of molecules
Define Chemical reactions
the making and breaking of bonds between atoms to store or release energy
Define Reactants or substrates
are the starting substances in a chemical reaction
Define products of a chemical reaction.
are the substances that result from the reactant
What does the arrow indicate within a chemical reaction formula?
indicates which direction the reaction occurs
What can some chemical reactions require?
a catalyst such as an enzyme
Define metabolism
the sum of all the biochemical reactions in the body
What are the 2 types of chemical reactions?
- Anabolic Reactions
- Catabolic Reactions
- Other Reactions
Explain Anabolic Reactions
- Known as Synthesis Reactions
- Require energy to combine simple substances with complex molecules (monomers to polymers)
- Use energy to form bonds (ATP)
What is an example of an Anabolic Reaction?
Dehydration synthesis
What is dehydration synthesis?
Polymers are built by joining together due to the removal of a molecule of water.
What are catabolic reactions?
- called decomposition reactions
- Energy is released when complex molecules are broken down into simple molecules
What is an example of a catabolic reaction?
Hydrolysis
What is hydrolysis?
Water is added to a compound to break the bonds between subunits
What is an example of hydrolysis?
- Digestion - enzymes break down long polymer chains into simple monomers
- Liver can also perform hydrolysis when monomers are required like glucose
Describe inorganic molecules
- usually lack carbon
- typically small molecules
Give examples of inorganic molecules.
- Water
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
- salt
- acids
- bases
Describe organic molecules.
- Chemical building blocks to all living matter
- Stores chemical energy which can be released when compounds are broken down
- contain carbon and hydrogen atoms usually in the form of chains or rings
Give examples of organic molecules
- Carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
What are the important inorganic compounds?
- water
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
- Salts (ions and electrolytes)
- Acids and bases (pH)
What are the characteristics of water?
- maker up 70% of the human body
- the median for all chemical reactions
- charged, (polar substances) dissolve in water which acts as a solvent
- non-polar molecules don’t dissolve in water such as lipids
Define Hydrophobic
substances that do not dissolve in water
Define Hydrophilic
substances that dissolve in water
What are the characteristics of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
- key gases in the human body
- Cellular respiration is key to ATP production by mitochondria within cells
- Carbon dioxide is a waste product as a result of cellular respiration and must be removed from the body
What is cellular respiration
the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water.
Define Biochemistry
Study of organic compounds
Define Macromolecules
Large organic polymers which consist of identical or similar monomers strung together
What is used to fuel cellular respiration
Glucose
What are the building blocks of Carbohydrates?
- Monomers are called monosaccharides which are simple sugars
- Disaccharides - consist of 2 monosaccharides
- Polysaccharides - long chains of glucose or other monomers and include starch and glycogen
What are the polymers of lipids?
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Cholesterol
What are triglycerides?
- waxes,
- fats,
- oils,
- good sources of stored energy
What are phospholipids
main components of the cell membrane and creates the selectively permeable membrane surrounding the cell
What is cholesterol
- adds strength to cell membranes
- used for making steroid hormones
What are the monomers of triglycerides?
- Fatty acids
- Glycerol
What are the functions of proteins in the body
- catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes)
- act as chemical signals (hormones, neurotransmitters)
- structural role in many tissues (bones, mucles, tendon, ligaments, etc)
- immunity - creates antibodies to fight disease
- transporter - hemoglobin transports oxygen and co2
What is the monomer of protein
amino acids
What are polymers of proteins
Peptides
What are monomers of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
What are the names of the nucleotides
- Arenine
- Guanine
- Cytocine
- Thymine
- uricil
What are the long polymers of nucleic acids?
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- Ribonucleic Acids (RNA)
What are the characteristics of DNA
- Has a double helix form
- genetic materials for genes
What are the characteristics of RNA
- Single strand form
- an intermediary between genes in the nucleus and protein synthesis
- messenger RNA key component in transcription and translation
