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RMT Program > Intro to Chemistry > Flashcards

Intro to Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define Chemistry

A

The science of the basic substances that make up any type of matter and the interactions between these structures.

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2
Q

Define Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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3
Q

Define Mass

A

refers to the amount of matter in a substance

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4
Q

Define Chemical Elements

A
  • substances that can not be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.
  • Quantity of matter composed of the 1 type of atom
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5
Q

How many chemical elements are there?

A

112, 92 being naturally occurring

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6
Q

What are chemical symbols

A

Found on the periodic table. They are the names of all the elements. The names typically contain the first 1 or 2 letters of the element’s name.

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7
Q

What are the Important Chemical elements of the body?

A
  • oxygen ,o
  • cabon, c
  • hydrogen, h
  • nitrogen, n
  • calcium, ca
  • phosphorus, p
  • potassium, k
  • sulfur, s
  • chlorine, cl
  • sodium, na
  • iodine, i
  • iron, fe
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8
Q

Define Atom

A

the smallest unit of matter that retains the element in question

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9
Q

What are subatomic particles

A
  • Found within Atoms at the nucleus.

- contains protons, neutrons, and electrons

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10
Q

What are protons?

A

have a positive charge, found within the nucleus

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11
Q

what are neutrons

A

have a no charge, found within the nucleus

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12
Q

What are electrons

A

Have a negative charge, Found around the nucleus

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13
Q

What are the 2 models of the structure of an atom?

A
  • Electron cloud model

- Electron shell model

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14
Q

What is the Election shell model?

A
  • Demonstrates where electrons are likely to be based on valance shells.
  • the first shell can hold up to 2 electrons
  • all other shells can hold up to 8 total electrons
  • Atoms always seek to have completed outer shells
  • the atomic number is = to the number of protons in an atom
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15
Q

Define Molecule

A

when 2 or more atoms with incomplete outer electron shells are joined by bonds to become stable

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16
Q

Define compounds

A

when 2 or more different atoms are joined

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17
Q

What are the types of chemical bonds?

A

Covalent Bonds and Ionic Bonds

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18
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Share electrons to form a full outer electron shell around the nucleus of each atom involved

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19
Q

what are ionic bonds?

A

one of more atoms donates an electron to another atom to form a stable outer shell for all atoms involved in the bond

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20
Q

What are examples of covalent bonds?

A

Glucose, water, oxygen

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21
Q

what are examples of ionic bonds?

A

NaCl , HCL

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22
Q

Define Ions

A

the result of an atom of a compound joined by ionic bonds. Gives up or gains an electron. It becomes positive or negatively charged when placed in a solution.

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23
Q

What are Electrolytes?

A

When a compound is placed in a solution and breaks down into ions

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24
Q

What are the ways energy can be formed within an organism?

A
  • Sunlight
  • the flow of electrons or ions (electrical energy
  • in chemical bonds of molecules
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25
Q

Define Chemical reactions

A

the making and breaking of bonds between atoms to store or release energy

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26
Q

Define Reactants or substrates

A

are the starting substances in a chemical reaction

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27
Q

Define products of a chemical reaction.

A

are the substances that result from the reactant

28
Q

What does the arrow indicate within a chemical reaction formula?

A

indicates which direction the reaction occurs

29
Q

What can some chemical reactions require?

A

a catalyst such as an enzyme

30
Q

Define metabolism

A

the sum of all the biochemical reactions in the body

31
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical reactions?

A
  • Anabolic Reactions
  • Catabolic Reactions
  • Other Reactions
32
Q

Explain Anabolic Reactions

A
  • Known as Synthesis Reactions
  • Require energy to combine simple substances with complex molecules (monomers to polymers)
  • Use energy to form bonds (ATP)
33
Q

What is an example of an Anabolic Reaction?

A

Dehydration synthesis

34
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

Polymers are built by joining together due to the removal of a molecule of water.

35
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A
  • called decomposition reactions

- Energy is released when complex molecules are broken down into simple molecules

36
Q

What is an example of a catabolic reaction?

A

Hydrolysis

37
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Water is added to a compound to break the bonds between subunits

38
Q

What is an example of hydrolysis?

A
  • Digestion - enzymes break down long polymer chains into simple monomers
  • Liver can also perform hydrolysis when monomers are required like glucose
39
Q

Describe inorganic molecules

A
  • usually lack carbon

- typically small molecules

40
Q

Give examples of inorganic molecules.

A
  • Water
  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
  • salt
  • acids
  • bases
41
Q

Describe organic molecules.

A
  • Chemical building blocks to all living matter
  • Stores chemical energy which can be released when compounds are broken down
  • contain carbon and hydrogen atoms usually in the form of chains or rings
42
Q

Give examples of organic molecules

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
43
Q

What are the important inorganic compounds?

A
  • water
  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
  • Salts (ions and electrolytes)
  • Acids and bases (pH)
44
Q

What are the characteristics of water?

A
  • maker up 70% of the human body
  • the median for all chemical reactions
  • charged, (polar substances) dissolve in water which acts as a solvent
  • non-polar molecules don’t dissolve in water such as lipids
45
Q

Define Hydrophobic

A

substances that do not dissolve in water

46
Q

Define Hydrophilic

A

substances that dissolve in water

47
Q

What are the characteristics of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A
  • key gases in the human body
  • Cellular respiration is key to ATP production by mitochondria within cells
  • Carbon dioxide is a waste product as a result of cellular respiration and must be removed from the body
48
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water.

49
Q

Define Biochemistry

A

Study of organic compounds

50
Q

Define Macromolecules

A

Large organic polymers which consist of identical or similar monomers strung together

51
Q

What is used to fuel cellular respiration

A

Glucose

52
Q

What are the building blocks of Carbohydrates?

A
  • Monomers are called monosaccharides which are simple sugars
  • Disaccharides - consist of 2 monosaccharides
  • Polysaccharides - long chains of glucose or other monomers and include starch and glycogen
53
Q

What are the polymers of lipids?

A
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Cholesterol
54
Q

What are triglycerides?

A
  • waxes,
  • fats,
  • oils,
  • good sources of stored energy
55
Q

What are phospholipids

A

main components of the cell membrane and creates the selectively permeable membrane surrounding the cell

56
Q

What is cholesterol

A
  • adds strength to cell membranes

- used for making steroid hormones

57
Q

What are the monomers of triglycerides?

A
  • Fatty acids

- Glycerol

58
Q

What are the functions of proteins in the body

A
  • catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes)
  • act as chemical signals (hormones, neurotransmitters)
  • structural role in many tissues (bones, mucles, tendon, ligaments, etc)
  • immunity - creates antibodies to fight disease
  • transporter - hemoglobin transports oxygen and co2
59
Q

What is the monomer of protein

A

amino acids

60
Q

What are polymers of proteins

A

Peptides

61
Q

What are monomers of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

62
Q

What are the names of the nucleotides

A
  • Arenine
  • Guanine
  • Cytocine
  • Thymine
  • uricil
63
Q

What are the long polymers of nucleic acids?

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

- Ribonucleic Acids (RNA)

64
Q

What are the characteristics of DNA

A
  • Has a double helix form

- genetic materials for genes

65
Q

What are the characteristics of RNA

A
  • Single strand form
  • an intermediary between genes in the nucleus and protein synthesis
  • messenger RNA key component in transcription and translation

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