Circulatory system Flashcards
What is another name for cardiovascular system
circulatory system
what does the circulatory system consist of
heart
associated vessels
what does circulation of blood transport?
- oxygen from lungs to tissues
- co2 from tissues to lungs
- metabolic wastes from tissue to kidneys
- hormones from endocrine organs to target organs and cells
- nutrients all over the body where needed
- other substances
What kind of system is the cardiovascular system? why is that important
- Closed system
- allows blood to be pumped under high pressure which speeds transport of oxygen and glucose to active tissues
What is it mean that the cardio system is a close system?
- Blood always remains in vessels
- does not directly contact tissues
What is the name for fluid found inside cells (cytosol)
intercellular fluid
What is the name for fluid outside cells
extracellular fluid
List the different types of extracellular fluid
-plasma
-interstitial fluid
-lymph
-additional fluids
cerebral spinal fluid
humours of eyeball
synovial fluid
What is interstitial fluid
- Found btwn cells
- baths tissues
List the functions of blood
Transport
Regulation
Protection
Describe how blood functions in transportation
-transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, wastes, heat, and hormones
Describe how blood functions to regulate
-regulates pH through buffers
-temperature
osmotic pressure
Descibe how blood functions to protect
- Blood clotting
- contains components of immune system that protect against foreign mircobes
what is blood?
Connective tissue composed of liquid plasma and formed elements
What are the components of blood
- Plasma: makes up 55% of volume
- Formed Elements: makes up 45% of volume
What does the watery component of plasma consist of?
-ions
-dissolved gasses
-wastes
-nutrients
-plasma proteins
others
what are the ions in blood plasma?
Electrolytes
- sodium
- potassium
- chlorine
- bicarbonate
- phosphate
What are the dissolved gasses in blood plasma
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide
- nitrogen
what are the wastes in blood plasma
- byproducts of metabolism
- urea
what are the nutrients in blood plasma
glucose
- amino acids
- fat
- vitamins
- minerals
List the plasma proteins in blood
- albumin
- globulin
- fibrinogen
Where are the formed elements of blood produced
red bone marrow within spongy bone
Name the types of formed elements found in blood
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- Leukocytes (white blood cells)
- Thrombocytes (platelets)
Describe erythrocytes
- most common type of cell
- no nucleus
- packed full of hemoglobin
- biconcave shapes
define hemoglobin
- a respiratory pigment found in red blood cells
- delivers oxygen and picks up co2 from tissues
- contains iron
why do erythrocytes have a biconcave shape
increases the surface area for gas exchange
Describe leukocytes
- component of immune system
- phagocytosis of foreign particles
- production of antibodies
- less than red blood cells
What is Phagocytosis
Cells that eat / swallow foreign objects in the body
why are there less leukocytes than erythrocytes?
Leukocytes are stored in the lymphatic tissue
what are some examples of leukocytes found in the lymphatic system?
- Lymphocytes
- monocytes
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
Describe platelets or thrombocytes
- called filaments due to not having a nucleus
- involved in hemostasis (clotting)
- stick to jagged edges of damaged vessels and plug the hole
- release clotting factors
Define Hemostasis
- the stoppage of bleeding
- called blood clotting
What do clotting factors do
Produce fibres that contribute to the clotting to seal a hole in a vessel
What is the heart located
in the mediastinum btwn the lungs in the thoracic cavity
what is the function of the heart
- pump blood
- boost blood pressure
- increases delivery of oxygen to tissues
what does it mean that the heart is a double pump system
Has two different systems that work together
- Pulmonary circuit
- Systemic Circuit
what is the Pulmonary circuit
pumps blood to and from the lungs for oxygenation
What is the systemic circuit
Pumps blood to and from the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and picks up waste
What is important for oxygen and deoxygenated blood
They do not mix together
Describe the chambers of the human heart
4 chambers to the heart
- 2 atrium
- 2 ventricles
Describe how the left and right sides of the heart work
- left side pumps under higher pressure to deliver blood to distant extremities
- right side pumps under lower pressure to avoid bursting capillaries of the lungs
- both sides of heart still pump same amount of blood a the same time
List the 4 chambers of the heart
- right atrium
- Right ventricle
- Left Atrium
- Left Ventricle
Describe role of right atrium
collects deoxygenated blood from body
Describe role of right ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Describe role of left atrium
collects oxygenated blood from the lungs
Describe the role of the left ventricle
pumps oxygenated blood to the body
what is blood pressure
- force of blood on walls of the heart
- measured in hhMg
- assists in delivering nutrients and oxygen quickly
What are heart valves
-prevent back flow into chambers or vessels when the muscles of the heart is contracting
What are 2 types of valves
- atrioventricular
- semilunar valves
What are the 2 atrioventricular valves
- bicuspid (mitral valve) - left side
- Tricuspid (right side)
what are the 2 semilunar valves
- Pulmonary Semilunar valve
- Aortic semilunar valve
Describe the role of the pulmonary semilunar valve
- right ventricle
- pulmonary trunk
Describe the role of the aortic semilunar valve
-between left ventricle and aortic arch
What are the 2 phases of a heart beat
- systolic - contraction of ventricles
- Diastolic - filling of ventricles
Describe systolic pressure
- blood pressure when left ventricle contracts
- equals 110-120hhMg
Describe diastolic pressure
- pressure in arteries between contractions of ventricles
- equals 70-80hhMg
Why is systolic pressure higher?
due to the closure of all valves at same time heart muscles contract
what are the types of blood vessels
-Arteries
-Veins
Capillaries
Describe arteries
- carries blood away from the heart
- need to withstand great pressures
- muscular, elastic walls to expand with the spurts of blood from heart to prevent damage to capillaries
- squeeze back against blood to smooth out flow
- Aorta and Pulmonary arteries are the largest
What is the role of the Aorta
- arises form the left ventricle
- delivers oxygenated blood to the body
What is the pulmonary arteries
-pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
Describe veins
- return blood to the heart
- veins are more numerous than arteries
- blood moves slower through veins
- valves are found along the length of veins
- largest veins are inferior and superior vena cava
- skeletal muscles assist in squeezing blood back to heart
what is the role of inferior and superior vena cava
return deoxygenated blood to right atrium
Describe capillaries
- smallest vessels in a close circulatory system
- walls very thin composed of simple squamous epithelium
What is endothelium?
Simple squamous epithelium found in blood vessels
What is the significance of the endothelium
site of fluid, gas, solute exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid
Where are capillary beds found
- muscles
- lungs
- brain
- kidneys
- intestinal walls
- other tissues
Describe the role of the aorta
- major artery
- exits the heart and travels down the posterior abdominal wall
Describe the role of the superior vena cava
Major vein
-collects blood from the upper body
Describe the role of the inferior vena cava
major vein
-collects blood from the lower body
Describe the role of left and right common carotid artery
supplies blood to head
Describe the role of the left and right jugular vein
collects blood from head
Describe the role of the subclavicular arteries and veins
supply and drain the arms
Describe the role of the femoral arteries and veins
Supply and drain the legs
