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RMT Program > Tissues and Intigmentary > Flashcards

Tissues and Intigmentary Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of tissue

A

group of similar cells that function together

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2
Q

Define histology

A

study of tissues

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3
Q

List the different types of tissues in the body give a brief description of their roles in the body

A
  • epithelial: covers, lines, forms glands
  • Connective: protects, supports, binds, provides immunity
  • muscle: contracts and regulates volume or creates movement
  • nervous: electrical communication
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4
Q

Describe epithelial tissues

A
  • consist of tightly joined cells arranged in continuous sheets
  • single /multilayer
  • free surface called apical surface
  • adheres to connective tissue via basement membrane at the basal surface
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5
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

-Protection
-absorption
-filtration
-lubrication
sensory reception

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of major epithelium?

A
  • Cover and Linings

- Glandular

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7
Q

What are cover and lining epithelium

A
  • Cover surface area of skin (epidermis)
  • lines internal organs; stomach bladder, lunges
  • inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, body cavities
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8
Q

What are glandular epithelium? what are some examples?

A
  • secreting portion of glands (endocrine and exocrine)

- sweat glands, salivary, thyroid

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9
Q

How are epithelial tissues classified

A
  • number of layers

- shape of the tissues

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10
Q

List the layer of tissues in epithelial cells

A
  • Simple: single layers of cells
  • Stratified - 2 or more layers
  • pseudo-stratified - single layer but appears stratified
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of simple epithelial tissues?

A
  • single layer of cells.

- thin to incleare membrane transport like diffusion

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of stratified epithelial cells?

A
  • 2 or more layers of cells

- thicker for protection from wear and tear

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of pseudo-stratified epithelial cells?

A
  • “falsely stratified “
  • looks multilayered but only has one layer
  • nuclei at different hight in the row of cells.
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14
Q

List of shape classification of epithelial cells

A
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
  • Transitional
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15
Q

what are the characteristics of squamous epithelial cells?

A
  • Flattened, scale like cells

- thin for increasing membrane transport (filtration, diffusion, osmosis)

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of cuboidal epithelial tissues

A
  • cube-shaped with central, round nucleus

- membrane transporter (secretion, absorption)

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of columnar epithelial tissues?

A
  • Tall, cylindrical cells, rectangular
  • Oval nuclei appear at same height in the cells.
  • Functions to protect, membrane transport (secretion, absorption, can be ciliated)
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18
Q

What are the characteristics of transitional epithelial tissue

A

-cells that are able to change shape and stretch

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19
Q

List the additional features of epithelial tissue

A
  • Keratinized
  • glandular
  • cilia
  • microvilli or brush boarder
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20
Q

What is keratinized epithelial tissue

A
  • dead cells full of tough, fibrous protein

- mechanical protection

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21
Q

What are goblet cells and what is their function?

A
  • modified columnar cell
  • contain goblet cells which secrete mucus, a sticky fluid
  • mucus acts as a lubricant, traps particles, and protects the epithelium of stomach lining
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22
Q

What is cilia epithelial tissue?

A

thin, hair-like microtubule structures on surface of cells that sweeps mucus trapped particles away

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23
Q

What is the microvilli or brush boarder

A

-very small tiny, finger like projections of the plasma membrane of a cell that increase surface area of the cell for absorption

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24
Q

List the types of epithelial tissues in the body

A
  • Simple Squamous Epithelium
  • Simple ciliated, glandular epithelium
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
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25
Q

Describe simple Squamous Epithelial tissue

A
  • found in low wear and tear areas
  • associated with blood capillaries and respiratory surface of lung alveoli
  • thin to increase the rate of diffusion for gas and fluid exchange
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26
Q

Describe Simple ciliated, glandular epithelial tissue

A
  • found lining upper respiratory track, filopian tubes, uterus, sinuses
  • adapted to move across fluids or particles along a passage by ciliation action
27
Q

Describe Stratified squamous epithelial tissue. Where is this tissue found?

A
  • found lining wet surfaces where it is non-keratinized stratified squamous and all the cells in the layers are living
  • found in the outer layer of skin where it is keratinized providing a dead thick layer adapted for protection
28
Q

Define Glandular epithelium

A

highly specialized epithelial cell or group of cells that secretes substances onto a surface, into ducts or into the blood

29
Q

What are the two types of glandular epithelium?

A
  • endocrine

- Exocrine

30
Q

What are the characteristics of endocrine glands?

A
  • secretes hormones into extracellular fluid and then usually into the blood
  • ductless glands
  • ex: human growth hormone produced by pituitary gland
31
Q

What are the characteristics of exocrine glands?

A
  • secretes substances onto the free surface of coverings or lining epithelia
  • secretions reach free surface through ducts (tubes)
  • Ex: sweat glands, oil glands, salary glands
32
Q

What are connective tissues?

A
  • consist of a few cells and a matrix composed of ground substance and fibres
  • most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body
33
Q

what are the types of cells found in connective tissue

A
  • fibroblasts
  • osteocytes
  • chondrocytes
  • erythrocytes
  • leukocytes
34
Q

What are the types of fibers found in connective tissue

A
  • collagen
  • elastic fibers
  • reticular fibers
35
Q

What is the functions of connective tissue?

A
  • gluing tissue together
  • storing energy
  • structural support
  • transport
  • insulation
36
Q

What are some examples of connective tissue?

A
  • dermis of skin
  • cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and bone
  • blood and lymph
37
Q

What is ground substance?

A

the components of a connective tissue between the cells and fibers.

38
Q

What is the function of ground substance?

A
  • Supports cells
  • binds cells together
  • provides a medium through which substances are exchanged between blood and cells
39
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A
  • Areolar tissue
  • Adipose tissue
  • Dense regular connective tissue
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • Hyaline Cartilage
  • Bone or osseous Tissue
  • Blood
  • Lymph
40
Q

Describe areolar tissue; where is it found?

A
  • widely distributed throughout the body
  • filter type of connective tissue that glues tissue together
  • found in subcutaneous layer of skin
  • found in walls of organs
41
Q

Describe Adipose tissue;

A
  • contains large amounts of adipocytes which store fat or triglycerides
  • white fat functions in protection, insulation, and energy storage
42
Q

Describe dense regular connective tissue; where is it found?

A
  • collagen fibers irregularly arranged in bundles
  • very strong (against pulling in 1 direction) yet pliable
  • found in tendons and ligaments
43
Q

Describe dense irregular connective tissue

A
  • contains collagen fibres that have no regular arrangement

- occurs in sheets in places of the body where forces are exerted in more than 1 direction

44
Q

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found

A
  • facia coverings,
  • muscles,
  • dermis of skin,
  • heart valves,
  • joint capsules
45
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A
  • Chondrocytes are embedded in a pliable matrix of fine fibres and gel-like ground substance
  • provides flexibility, support, reduces friction and absorbs shock
  • capable of enduring more stress than dense connective tissue
46
Q

What is the name for cartilage cells?

A

Chondrocytes

47
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found>

A
  • ends of long bone
  • rib cartilage
  • nose
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • embryonic skeleton
48
Q

Describe bone or osseous tissue

A
  • located in a matrix composed of collagen fibres and minerals
  • classified as compact (dense) or spongy (cancalous)
49
Q

what are bone cells called?

A

Osteocytes

50
Q

Where is the role of minerals and collagen fibers in bone tissue?

A
  • convey hardness

- provide tensile strength

51
Q

What is the function of bone tissue?

A
  • provide protection
  • support
  • attachment for muscle
  • contains red bone marrow for blood cell formation
  • acts in mineral storage (calcium)
52
Q

Describe blood connective tissue

A
  • transports gasses, nutrients, vits, minerals, hormones, and other substances through the body
  • plays role in immunity
53
Q

Why is blood considered to be connective tissue

A

-composed widely of scattered cells in a matrix

54
Q

What is the name for the liquid matrix of blood?

A

Plasma

55
Q

What substances are suspended in blood plasma

A
  • formed elements
  • cells
  • cell fragments
56
Q

What are the cells found in the blood?

A
  • erythrocytes - red blood cells
  • leukocytes - white blood cells
  • thrombocytes - platelets
57
Q

Describe lymph

A
  • composed of excessive tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) that flows into lymphatic vessels in be retuned to blood
  • lymph fluid is similar to blood plasma but has less protein and no red blood cells
58
Q

What is the function of lymph?

A

-returns excessive tissue build to the blood,
-transports absorbed dietary fats
provides immunity

59
Q

Describe Skeletal muscle

A
  • striated, light and dark regions alternating (actin and myosin)
  • voluntary contraction
  • multinucleate, large cells
60
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • locomotion
  • posture
  • heat production
61
Q

Describe cardiac muscle tissue

A
  • muscle of the heart
  • striated and branched
  • involuntary control
  • autorhythmic, can contract on own and without nervous system input
62
Q

Describe smooth muscle tissue

A
  • non striated (smooth look)

- involuntary control

63
Q

Where is smooth muscle located?

A
  • walls of blood vessels
  • airways
  • stomach
  • intestines
  • urinary bladder
64
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle

A
  • contract to constrict the lumen of a hollow structure
  • mixes food
  • propels foodstuff
  • vary the volume of a structure

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