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Skin Care > Urinary & Excretory Systems > Flashcards

Urinary & Excretory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What does the structure of the excretory system consist of?

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • 2 ureters
  • the urinary bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

-the kidneys lie against the back wall of the abdomen behind the liver and the stomach

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3
Q

What are the kidneys covered by?

A

-peritoneum and embedded fat

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4
Q

Where is the bladder located?

A
  • lies in front of the pelvis

- and the ureters curve round the lower part of the abdomen to meet it

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5
Q

How many kidneys are there and where do they lie?

A

The two kidneys lie just above the waste on either side of the spine

(On the back wall of the abdomen behind the liver and stomach)

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6
Q

What is the size of a kidney compared to?

A

-the size of an average adult kidney is about the size of a mans fist

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7
Q

What is the kidneys function? for the urinary system.

A

-to produce urine and to maintain the fluid balance in the body

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8
Q

What circulates through the kidneys?

A

Blood

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9
Q

What do the Kidneys retain? And what do they filter?

A

-retain useful substances and filter out waste substances (which are then excreted as urine)

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10
Q

How will the kidneys respond if water is depleted in the bloodstream?

A

-the kidneys will reabsorb water to maintain balance

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11
Q

How will kidneys respond if there is excess water in the blood stream?

A

-kidneys will excrete water to maintain balance

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12
Q

Besides producing urine, the kidneys play an important role in regulating blood pressure because:

A

-they control blood volume ….which has a direct effect on blood pressure

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13
Q

Kidneys maintain the balance of_______ and _______ in the body:

A
  • sodium and potassium

- acid and alkaline (pH balance)

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14
Q

Why are sodium and potassium important?

A

It is important for the kidneys to balance these minerals because they are important for healthy function of muscle and bone

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15
Q

From the kidneys, Urine moves down through the_________.

A

Ureters

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16
Q

What are the ureters?

A

Tubes that transport urine to the urinary bladder

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17
Q

What does the urinary bladder do?

A

Expands to HOLD the urine

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18
Q

What prevents urine from backing up into the kidneys from the bladder?

A

There are valves which close to prevent the urine from backing up into the kidney when the bladder is full

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19
Q

What signals a person to relieve their bladder?

A

When the bladder is filled to capacity, there is a feeling of urgency (which signals the person to relieve their bladder)

20
Q

How much urine can the bladder hold?

A

-200ml to 400 ml of urine

21
Q

The urine passes through the______ to the external opening.

A

Urethra

22
Q

Muscles that are under voluntary control which we can over-ride the reflex to urinate by conscious effort:

A

External sphincter

23
Q

When is control over external sphincters achieved in life?

A

Infants require training to gain control over the sphincter muscles and usually achieve this around two years old

24
Q

What is a UTI?

A
  • Urinary tract infection

- one of the most common problems

25
Q

Why are UTIS more common in women than men?

A

Because the urinary tract is shorter and close to the vagina and rectum, offering little protection against entry of micro-organisms into the bladder

26
Q

What are women advised to do after using the toilet?

A

-always wipe from front to back to avoid transmitting bacteria into the urethra

27
Q

What are women who are susceptible to UTI infection advised to do?

A
  • white cotton underwear
  • white toilet paper
  • drink lots of water
28
Q

What is the danger of using a hot tub?

A

UTI infections can sometimes be transmitted by use of hot tubs

29
Q

What is Cystitis:

A

An inflammation of the urinary bladder

30
Q

How is Cystitis caused?

A

-may be caused by bacterial infection, chemicals, or mechanical injury

31
Q

What are the symptoms of Cystitis?

A

Burning on urination or painful urination

32
Q

What is an obstructive disorder of the kidneys?

A

-Often causes infection by stones which form in the kidneys (kidney stones)

33
Q

What are kidney “stones”?

A

-crystalline structures made up of materials that the kidneys usually excrete in the urine

34
Q

What are most stones made up of?

A

Calcium

35
Q

What happens if kidney stones move down into the urethra or ureter?

A

-causes severe cramping and pain

36
Q

Small stones usually pass through the system on their own, what needs to be done if they are not?

A

-stones may have to be removed using either shock wave therapy or surgery

37
Q

What is the excretory system responsible for?

A

-responsible for purifying the body by eliminating waster matter

38
Q

Why is it important for the excretory system to eliminate waster matter?

A

-The metabolism of the body cells forms various toxic substances that, if retained, could poison the body

39
Q

Name the organs that play an important function in the excretory system?

A
  • alimentary canal
  • lungs
  • skin
  • kidneys
40
Q

What is the alimentary canal function of the excretory system?

A

-removes the residues of the food through the anus by defecation

41
Q

What is eliminated with the residues of food by the alimentary canal?

A
  • heat, water and salts

- special waste materials such as the bile pigments

42
Q

Describe the lungs role in the excretory system:

A
  • lungs remove carbon dioxide.

- considerable quantities of heat and water may be lost incidentally of the inspired air is dry or cold

43
Q

Describe the role of skin for the excretory system:

A

-skin removes excess heat not lost through breathing

44
Q

Loss of heat in the body is aided by:

Excretory system

A

-the evaporation of sweat

45
Q

What does sweating also remove?

A

-some nitrogenous waste, salts and water

(And excess heat not lost through breathing)

46
Q

What are the kidneys role in the excretory system?

A
  • Kidneys removes nitrogenous waste and excess salts not removed by sweating
  • and excess water not lost through sweating or breathing
47
Q

Why are the kidneys, with their ducts, called the excretory system?

A

-because kidneys balance the system and remove metabolic waste materials which are not lost in other ways

Skin Care (22 decks)

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