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Skin Care > Skin Pathologies > Flashcards

Skin Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

What are rashes and lesions?

A

They may range in size from a fraction of a millimetre to many centimeters. They may be blanches [white], erythematous [reddened], purpuric [containing blood] or pigmented.

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2
Q

What are rashes?

A

Rashes are temporary irruption’s of the skin, such as those associated with childhood diseases. Disorders that produce rashes include measles, heat, diaper rash, allergic reactions etc.

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3
Q

What is pruritus?

A

Pruritus for the sensation of itch is a symptom common to many skin disorders. Scratching is the natural response to itch and may temporary relieve itch. Repeated scratching may cause the skin to thicken, and may cause open lesions which can become infected. Dry skin may be a natural occurrence, as in the drying of skin associated with ageing or it may be symptomatic of underlying disorders.

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4
Q

What are lesions?

A

Lesions are structural changes in the tissues caused by damage or injury, such as abrasion. Any mark, symptom, or abnormality is described as a lesion. 

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5
Q

What are the three types of lesions?

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary/vascular or third lesions

Vascular lesions are the third type of lesion and will not be discussed involving blood or circulatory system.

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6
Q

What are primary lesions and how many are there listed in the manual?

A
  • There are 10 types of primary lesions listed in the manual
  • Primary lesions are lesions in the early stages of development or change.
  • Primary skin lesions are changes in colour or texture that are generally present at birth or acquired over time, such as a birthmark or age spot
  • they are flat, no palpable changes in skin color, elevations formed by fluid
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7
Q

List the 10 types of primary lesions listed in the manual

A
  1. Bulla
  2. cyst
  3. macula
  4. nodule
  5. papule
  6. pustule
  7. tubercle
  8. tumour
  9. vesicle
  10. wheal
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8
Q

what is a Bulla?

A

A large blister containing watery fluid. It is similar to a vesicle, but larger.

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9
Q

What is a cyst?

A

A closed abnormally developed sac containing fluid, infection, or other matter above or below the skin. Acne cyst is one type of cyst.

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10
Q

What is a Macule?

A

A flat spot or discolouration on the skin, such as a freckle or red spot, left after a pimple has healed. They are neither raised nor sunken.

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11
Q

What is a nodule?

A

They are often referred to as a tumour, but they are smaller bumps caused by conditions such as scar tissue, fatty deposits, or infections.

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12
Q

What is a papule?

A

A small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid, but may develop into a pustule. Less than half an inch in diameter and may vary in colour. They are either round, smooth, or rough.

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13
Q

What is a pustule?

A

An inflamed papule with white or yellow centre containing pus. Pus is a fluid containing white blood cells, bacteria and other debris.

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14
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

An abnormal rounded, solid lump, larger than a papule.

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15
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A large nodule, an abnormal cell mass resulting from excessive cell multiplication.

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16
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

A small blister or sac containing clear fluid. Poison Ivy or poising oak can cause vesicles.

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17
Q

What is a wheal?

A

An itchy, swollen lesion caused by a blow, insect bite, skin allergy reaction, or stings. Hives and mosquito bites are wheals. Hives are also called urticaria and can also be caused by exposure to allergens used in products. Hives are characterized by red plaques.

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18
Q

What is a secondary lesion?

A

Secondary lesions of the skin develop in the later stages of the disease or condition causing the lesion and change the structure of the tissue and organs

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19
Q

How many types of secondary skin lesions are there? List them.

A

Seven

  1. crust
  2. excoriation
  3. fissure
  4. keloid
  5. scales
  6. scar
  7. ulcer
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20
Q

Describe crust

A

Dead cells formed over a wound or blemish while it is healing, resulting in an accumulation of pus and sebum. Considered to be natures Band-Aid. For example a scab over a wound.

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21
Q

Describe excoriation

A

The skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping. A wound by deep scratch or scrape.

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22
Q

Describe a fissure

A

A crack in the skin that penetrates the dermis. For example chapped lips. The skin is broken open and not scratched open.

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23
Q

Describe keloids

A

These are abnormal formation of scar tissue resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissue: collagen. They look like a second scar. They are most common in darker skin tones.

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24
Q

Describe scales 

A

They are flaky skin cells. For example an excessive and abnormal dandruff.

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25
Q

Describe a scar

A

They are light colored, slightly raised mark on the skin formed after an injury of the skin is healed.

26
Q

Describe an ulcer

A

An ulcer is an open lesion on the skin or mucous membrane of the body filled with pus.

27
Q

What are pigmentation disorder’s?

A
  • Abnormal pigmentation, referred to as dyschromia, can be caused by various internal and external factors
  • Sun exposure is the biggest cause of pigmentation disorders and can make existing pigmentation disorders worse
  • Drugs may also cause pigmentation abnormalities
  • Hypo pigmentation means lack of pigment. Hyperpigmentation means too much pigment.
28
Q

Describe vitiligo (a type of hypoppigmentation)

A
  • This is a pigment problem of concern to all races. The classic sign of vitiligo is the sudden appearance of white patches on the skin which vary in size from small areas to one involving large skin surfaces.
  • It is an acquired condition
  • The white spots are caused from lack of pigment cells and are commonly seen on the face, axillae, neck or hands and feet
  • These areas burn easily in sunlight and in large overtime
  • It is believed to be an auto immune disorder causing an absence of melanocytes
  • There is usually no pain or other symptoms. This may appear at any age but most commonly in the 20s or 30s.
29
Q

Describe albinism [another form of hypo pigmentation]

A
  • Persons with this disorder lack pigmentation in the skin, hair and iris of the eye
  • This is a congenital disorder in which there are a normal number of melanocytes but they are lacking the enzyme tyrosinase needed to produce melanin
  • It affects the skin, hair and eyes
  • Individuals, who have albinism, have pale or pink skin, white or yellow hair and light coloured or sometimes pink eyes
  • they have ocular problems such as extreme sensitivity to light, and other vision problems. 
  • treatments are aimed at reducing their risk for cancer through protection from the sun
30
Q

Define hyper pigmentation

A

Overproduction of pigment – increased melanin caused excess pigment. Sun exposure, acne, medication, and post inflammatory hyperpigmentation from skin damage can cause dark and pigmentation.

For example melasma, suntan or burn, lentigens (lentigo) , stain

31
Q

Describe melasma [also known as chloasma]

A

-This is a disorder characterized by darkened macules on the face
-It is triggered by hormonal changes
-It is common and all skin types that most prominent in darker skin tones
-It is more common in women, particularly during pregnancy [sometimes called pregnancy mask] or while using oral contraceptives, or at menopause
-May or may not resolve after giving birth or discontinuing birth control pills.
-It is made worse by sun exposure. Treatment involves protection from the sun and using bleaching agents for severe cases.

32
Q

Define sun tan or sunburn

A
  • Change in pigmentation due to the melanin production as a defence against UV rays
  • Symptoms of sunburns include:
    • Mild = skin redness
    • More severe = vesicle eruption, weakness, chills, fever, fatigue and pain
    • Black skin also burns and may appear greyish or gray black
    • The tan is basically visible skin and cell damage
33
Q

define lentigines (lentigo)

A
  • Brown or black spots that are flat and usually found in sun exposed areas
  • similar to freckles, that result from sunlight exposure called actinic, our solar, lentigens
  • They are often referred to as liver spots or age spots
  • They are cosmetic concern only however if they start to change or grow, or develop a darker center, the client should be referred as there are some that can become malignant
34
Q

Define stain

A

And a normal brown or one coloured skin discolouration with a circular or a regular shape. Stains are usually round or oval, tan, brown, are black. They often develop on sun exposed areas.

35
Q

What is a birthmark

A

Birthmarks or any congenital pigmented blemish or spot on the skin, usually visible at birth or shortly there after. Birthmarks are usually benign but may become cancerous. There are several types of birthmarks.

36
Q

List the types of birthmarks

A
  1. nevi, nevus
  2. cafe au lait spots
  3. port wine spots
  4. haemangioma
  5. freckles
37
Q

Describe a nevi / nevus birth mark

A

A birthmark from abnormal pigmentation or dilated capillaries

Nevi mole:

  • Common congenital or acquired tumours of the skin that are benign.
  • Almost all adults have some moles.
  • a mole is a pigmented nevus; A brownish spot ranging in colour from tan to blueish black.
  • Some are flat, resembling freckles; others are raised and darker.
  • Most are benign but changes in mole colour or shape should be checked by physician.
  • Hairs in moles are common and should not be removed unless by physicians because it may irritate or cause structural changes to the mole.
38
Q

Describe café au lait spots

A

birthmarks are flat and light brown

39
Q

Describe port wine spots

A

These are flat, pink, red or purpleish red. They are formed by a collection of superficial capillaries

40
Q

Describe haemangioma

A

Raised, small and bright red. They are a group of superficial blood vessels with three stages: proliferation, rest, involution (diminishes). 50% diminish by age 5, 90% diminish by age 10.

41
Q

Describe freckles

A

Benign, small tan brown spots occurring on the sun exposed skin, especially children and tend to fade an adult life. The tendency to develop freckles is inherited and see more frequently and red-haired people.

42
Q

Define a Nevocellur nevi

A

Most moles are tan to deep brown, uniformly pigmented, small papules with well defined and rounded borders. These are not usually removed except for cosmetic reasons, or if they are in an area where they become irritated [at the neckline, or some men who find they cut them when shaving their face]

43
Q

Define dysplastic nevi

A

They are larger than common moles with a flat, slightly raised, pebbly surface; darker in the centre and an irregular border.
-They have the capacity to transform to malignant melanomas and tend to appear in families who are prone to them.
-A person may have hundreds of these moles.
-They occur in sun exposed and covered areas of the body. Any mole that changes in shape or colour, itches or bleeds should be examined medically immediately.


44
Q

Define hypertrophies of the skin.

A

These are defined as abnormal growths on the skin.

Examples: skin tags, keratosis, keratosis Pilaris, actinic keratosis, verruca, hyperkeratosis

45
Q

Describe skin tags

A

Skin tags are soft, brown or flesh coloured papules. They occur on any skin surface but most often the neck, axilla, and face. They range in size from a pinhead to the size of a P. They have the normal texture of the skin, and are benign. They are more common as people age, but can be found at any age.

46
Q

Describe keratosis

A

Keratosis is a horny growth, wart like lesions that have a stuck on appearance. They vary in size. It’s an abnormally thick buildup of skin cells.

47
Q

Describe keratosis Pilaris

A

Redness and bumpiness in the cheeks or upper arms; caused by blocked follicles. Exfoliation can help unblock follicles and alleviate the rough feeling. 

48
Q

Describe actinic keratoses

A

Pink or flesh coloured precancerous lesions that feel sharp or rough that are the results of sun damage and should be checked by a dermatologist

49
Q

Describe verruca

A

Also known as a wart. A hypertrophy of the papillae of epiderm is caused by a virus. Infectious and contagious and they can spread as they are virus related.

50
Q

Describe hyper keratosis

A

Thickening of the skin caused by a mass of keratinocytes.

51
Q

Define fungi [infections disorders]

A

Plantlike organisms certain strains of which are considered part of the normal skin flora. Superficial infections invade only the superficial tissue [skin, hair and nails]. Deep infections invade the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous.

52
Q

Describe the superficial fungal infection: tinea

A

This fungi feeds on proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in the skin. Tinea of the body or face is most common in children/spread by animals and children/oval or circular patches.

53
Q

Describe athletes foot [tenia pedis]

A

A fungus that affects the feet. It can range from mild to severe, and has an unpleasant odour

54
Q

Describe ringworm [tinea corporis]

A

Highly contagious and forms in a ringed red pattern with elevated edges. Affects the body or face and is most common in children. Transmission is commonly from kittens, puppies and other children.

55
Q

Describe tinea of the scalp [tinea capitis] [pyteriasis]

A
  • likely causes dandruff
  • superficial fungal infection of the scalp. It is associated with white patches found on the back of the head. The lesions may vary from grayish, round hairless patches to balding spots or black dots on the head. Mild redness, crust or scales may be present. Selenium sulphide shampoo can treat the condition
56
Q

Describe tinea versicolour (pityriasis versicolor)

A

A fungal condition that inhibits melanin production. It is not contagious because it is caused by yeast; it is characterized by white, brown, or salmon coloured flaky patches from the yeast on the skin. This sun fungus can be treated with antifungal cream or medication. It is also referred to as sunspots.

57
Q

Define impetigo [bacterial infection]

A
  • Common superficial bacterial infection especially among children, although adults occasionally contract the disease
  • Infection is the most common in the summer or in warm, moist climate
  • It appears as a small vessicle or as a large bulla on the body or face.
  • As the lesion ruptures it leaves a denuded area that discharges a honey coloured liquid that hardens on the skin and dries as a honey coloured crust with a stuck on appearance.
  • New sores appear within hours
  • Itching may occur and scratching multiplies the infection sites as it is extremely contagious
58
Q

Define warts or verruca [viral infection]

A
  • Common, benign papillomas
  • an exaggeration of the normal skin structure within a regular thickening
  • There are more than 50 types of HPV [human papillomavirus] including skin warts and genital warts
  • The majority are found on the hands and feet and will be covered in those sections
59
Q

Describe herpes simplex – cold sore or fever blister [viral infection]

A

There are two types of herpes viruses that infect humans:

type one – usually confined to the oropharynx and is spread by respiratory droplets or contact with infected saliva. It is contagious

Type two – spread to other parts of the body and can cause genital herpes.

  • After initial infection, the herpes virus persists and the nerve roots in the latent state.
  • never work on a client with a current herpes lesion.
  • Peel, waxing, or other stimuli may cause a breakout, even if the condition is not currently active
  • recurrences may be brought on by stress, sunlight, or injury.
  • individuals who are immune suppressed may have severe attacks
  • The recurrence usually begins with a burning or tingling sensation
  • vesicles and redness follow and progress to pustules, ulcers and crusts. The lesion is most common on the lips, mouth and face.
60
Q

Describe herpes zoster [shingles] [viral infection]

A
  • This is an acute, local eruption distributed over a dermatome area of the skin.
  • Chicken box is a childhood disease caused by the herpes zoster virus
  • It is believed that a person who had chickenpox as a child carries the dormant virus in the nerve roots
  • When the adult is again exposed to the disease it reactivate the virus which appears as shingles
  • The incidence rate increases with age and people who are immune suppressed
  • The onset is burning pain, tingling sensation, extreme sensitivity of the skin to touch, and itching along the affected dermatome [1/2 of the face or body only]
  • This may be present for 1 to 3 days before a rash appears
  • The pain may be mistaken for heart disease if on the chest pleurisy, or stomach disorders.
  • When the vesicles appear they are red, dry, form crusts and eventually fall off
  • Serious complications can result
  •  Eye involvement can results in permanent blindness
  • after the rash has subsided, it can recur if the individual is stressed or fatigued
  • although shingles are not as contagious as the childhood disease, it can be spread to people who are not immune

Skin Care (22 decks)

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