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Skin Care > Circulatory/ Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Circulatory/ Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the “chief” functions of blood?

A
  • Carries water, oxygen, food and secretions to all cells of the body.
  • Carries away carbon dioxide and waste products to be eliminated through the lungs, skin, kidneys and large intestines
  • Helps to equalize body temperature, thus protecting the body from extreme heat and cold
  • Aids in protecting the body from harmful bacteria and infections through the actions of white blood cells
  • Forms clot, thereby, closing injured blood vessels and preventing the loss of blood
  • (transportation)
  • platelets stop bleeding.
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2
Q

What type of blood is found in the veins?

A

Blood in veins in blue in colour because it is deoxygenated blood which has picked up carbon dioxide from other cells

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3
Q

What is Haematology?

A

Study of blood

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4
Q

List some general blood facts

A
  • blood is derived from the digestive chyle
  • it is salty and sticky and maintains a normal body temperature of 98.6F or 37C
  • There are 8-10 pints of blood in a normal adult
  • Skin holds about 1/2 to 2/3 of blood in the entire body
  • the blood is a liquid connective tissue consisting of 2/3 plasma and 1/3 solid blood cells
  • Blood and Lymph are complex connective tissue
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5
Q

What is plasma fluid?

A
  • Carries nourishing qualities to the cells
  • Formed from digested food and water; is the straw- coloured fluid part of the blood.
  • Red and white corpuscles and blood platelets flow in plasma
  • Plasma consists of protein, salt, minerals and 9/10th is water
  • Aids in transporting wastes
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6
Q

What are Red corpuscles?

A
  • Also known as red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • Red colouring comes from protein compound called hemoglobin
  • Hemoglobin has the capacity to combine with oxygen (oxyhemoglobin) and is therefore very vital in the circulation function.
  • Red blood cells carry oxygen to all cells throughout the system and aid in the transport of carbon dioxide back to the lungs (deoxyhemoglobin)
  • formed in the red bone marrow.
  • They are far more numerous than white blood cells
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7
Q

What are White Corpuscles?

A
  • larger than red corpuscles
  • also known as leukocytes
  • They are colourless and much larger in size than red
  • Are produced in the yellow marrow of the long bones, spleen, and lymph glands
  • They protect the body against disease by fighting harmful bacteria and their poisons in the bloodstream
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8
Q

What are Blood Platelets?

A
  • Colourless corpuscles known as thrombocytes
  • Irregular bodies much smaller than the red corpuscles
  • formed in bone marrow
  • Their main task or purpose is clotting of the blood/ stop bleeding
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9
Q

What is the Vascular or Circulatory system made of?

A 
-Comprised of the 
heart, 
blood, 
blood vessels, 
lymph,
lymphatic vessels,
(Hbbll)
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10
Q

What are the two divisions of the Vascular or Circulatory system?

A
  1. Blood Vascular system
    —comprised of the heart and blood vessels for the circulation of blood through the arteries, capillaries and veins
  2. Lymph Vascular or Lymphatic System
    —Consisting of lymph gland vessels that circulate lymph
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11
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Located in the chest cavity, slightly over to the left.

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12
Q

What is the heart and what does the heart do?

A

-The heart is a cardiac pump
-with every beat of the heart, blood is kept moving through the vessels in one direction.

-Relative size and weight give a few hints of its incredible strength

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13
Q

Describe the direction of pure oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood in the body.

A
  • Pure oxygenated blood moves away from the heart

- Impure deoxygenated moves towards the heart

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14
Q

What is the Pericardium?

A
  • Triple layered sac which encloses the heart
  • Rests on and is attached to the diaphragm
  • Membranes produce slippery lubricating fluid called serous fluid/ pericardial fluid (protects against friction while beating by allowing Pericardial layers to slide smoothly over each other)
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15
Q

How many layers does the heart wall consist of? List them.

A

Three

  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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16
Q

Describe the Epicardium layer of the heart wall.

A
  • It is both part of the pericardium and part of the heart wall
  • outer or “above” layer
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17
Q

Describe the Myocardium layer of the heart wall.

A
  • It is cardiac muscle tissue, making up the bulk of the heart
  • is responsible for pumping the blood through the body
  • The middle layer
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18
Q

Describe the Endocardium layer of the heart wall.

A
  • A thin layer of endothelium overlaying a thin layer of connective tissue.
  • It provides a smooth lining for the inside of the heart
  • The inner layer
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19
Q

List the four hollow chambers or cavities of the heart.

A
  • Two Atria (receiving chambers)

- Two Ventricles (discharging chambers)

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20
Q

Which two of the four chambers of the heart are associated with the pulmonary circuit?

A

Right atrium and ventricle.

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21
Q

Which two of the four chambers of the heart are associated with the systemic system?

A

Left atrium and ventricle.

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22
Q

How many valves does the heart have? List and describe them.

A

Four.

  1. Bicuspid (or mitral) Valve- consists of two cusps, or flaps
  2. Tricuspid Valve- has three cusps

3.Semilunar Valves: guard the bases of two large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers
—pulmonary valves
—semilunar valves

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23
Q

Describe how the atria and ventricles contract in the normal heartbeat.

A
  • Two atria contract simultaneously while the two ventricles relax.
  • When the two ventricles contract, the two atria relax
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24
Q

What is Systole and Disatole?

A
  • The term used to refer to a phase of contraction is systole
  • The term used to refer to a phase of relaxation is disatole
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25
Q

What can be heard as the heart beats?

A

Sounds from the closing of the valves (lub-dub sound)

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26
Q

Where is the septum?

A

The septum divides the heart longitudinally

27
Q

How does the heart function as a “double pump”?

A

The left heart is systemic pump and the right heart is the pulmonary pump.

28
Q

Describe Coronary Circulation

A
  • Supply blood to the heart
  • Although the heart chambers are continuously bathed in blood, it does not nourish the myocardium.
  • Blood supply that oxygenates and nourishes the heart is provided by the right and left coronary arteries (coronary circulation) and drained by the cardiac veins.
29
Q

Describe Pulmonary Circulation

A
  • Deoxygenated blood found in veins except pulmonary circulation
  • blood is pumped by the heart to the lungs where it is purified and then pumped back to the heart
  • with each respiratory cycle an exchange of gases takes place
  • During inhalation, oxygen is absorbed into the blood.
  • During exhalation, carbon dioxide is expelled
  • Co2 blood enters right atrium via inferior and superior cava
  • Exits right atrium via valve and centre ventricle
  • Exits right ventricle via pulmonary semi-lunar valve to pulmonary arteries to the lungs
  • Oxygenated blood exits lungs via pulmonary veins to the left atrium
30
Q

Describe general or systemic circulation

A
  • oxygenated blood exits left atrium via bicuspid or mitral valve to left ventricle
  • oxygenated blood exits left ventricle via aortic semi-lunar valve to aorta where oxygenated blood is distributed to every organ and tissue
31
Q

Blood is circulated from the heart throughout the entire body and back to the heart. Describe the path it travels through (blood vessel pathway):

A

Arteries—>anyone
Capillaries—>can be
Venule—>very
Vein—>vague

32
Q

Describe arteries in the blood vessel pathway:

A
  • They are also called conducting arteries because they conduct blood from the heart to medium sized muscular arteries
  • The structure of the arteries gives them two important functional properties: elasticity and contractibility
  • Oxygenated pure blood in the arteries is red
  • Thick walled, muscular and elastic vessels that carry pure blood from the heart to arterioles: very small almost microscope artery that delivers blood to the capillaries. Arterioles play an important role in regulating blood flow from arteries into capillaries
33
Q

Describe capillaries in the blood vessel pathway:

A
  • Microscopic vessels that usually connect arterioles and venules.
  • These are tiny vessels which branch off the arterioles. They are one called epithelial tissue which services all the tissues of the body. The exchange of nutrients, chemicals, oxygen, and waste products are found at the union of the capillaries that lead to the venules. This exchange is called anastomosis.
34
Q

Which system are the arteries and capillaries part of?

A

The arterial system

35
Q

Which system are venules and veins apart of?

A

The venous system.

Pick up where the arterial system leaves off in the capillaries. The venous system is a complex network of veins and venules, tiny veins through which blood returns to the heart and lungs for a recharge of oxygen.

36
Q

Describe venules in the blood vessel pathway:

A
  • When several capillaries unite in to a small vein, it is called a venule.
  • Venules collect deoxygenated blood containing waste products from the capillaries and drain into veins
37
Q

Describe veins in the blood vessel pathway:

A
  • A vessel that transports deoxygenated blood away from the tissues and organs and back toward the heart, with exception of the pulmonary vein which Carrie’s oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
  • Even though venal walls are thinner, in general veins are larger in diameter than their corresponding arteries
  • Veins consist of thin walls with no elastic, but they do contain valves controlling blood flow
  • Veins are closer to the outer skin surface of the body than arteries
  • Large veins include the superior and inferior venae cavae (singular: vena cava) and their tributaries to the abdominal pelvic and thoracic cavities
  • The vena cava inferior is the principle vein draining the blood from the lower portion of the body
  • The vena cava superior is the principle veins draining from the upper portion of the body.
38
Q

What is the Lymphatic system?

A
  • Is a vital factor to the circulatory system and immune systems and made up of lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph vessels that act as an aid to the blood system (live, love, laugh, tomorrows sunny)
  • lymphatic and immune system are closely connected in that they protect the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease causing microorganisms and to drain tissue spaces of excess interstitial fluid (blood plasma found in the spaces between tissue cells) in the blood.
  • It then carries waste and impurities away from the cells
  • Lymphatic system is closely related to the blood and cardiovascular system for the transportation of fluids. The difference is the lymphatic system transports lymph fluid
  • The lymphatic vessels start as tubes that are closed at one end.
  • They can occur individually or in clusters that are called lymph capillaries.
  • The lymph capillaries are distributed throughout most of the body, except the nervous system
39
Q

List the functions of the lymphatic system:

A
  1. Primary function: to produce, maintain and distribution of lymphocytes, which provide defence against infection and other environmental hazards
  2. Drain excess interstitial fluid
  3. Transports lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract to the blood.
  4. Lymphatic tissue carries out immune responses
  5. Maintain blood volume by returning the interstitial fluid seeping out of the capillary walls back to the circulatory system
  6. Carry nourishment from blood to cells
  7. Remove waste from blood and cells
  8. Suitable fluid environment for cells
  9. To aid in reducing swelling, inflammation, and accumulations in the blood vessels
40
Q

Describe how fluid may seep through walls of veins into the tissue:

A
  • Some fluid from the veins may seep through the walls of the veins into the tissue.
  • Red blood cells are too large to escape through the vein walls, but fluid can seep through if the blood is static for any reason
  • It can also happen if inflammation causes decreased blood flow to the area
41
Q

White type if fluid is involved in “fluid retention” in the tissues?

A
  • Most people have experienced fluid retention in their tissues. This is called interstitial fluid.
  • This is particularly common in the feet and ankles if a person has been standing for too long.
  • The lymphatic systems function is to return this fluid to the circulatory system
42
Q

How does the lymphatic system return the fluid to the circulatory system?

A

Lymphatic channels collect the fluid and they flow through the lymph ducts to eventually return to the circulatory system at the superior aspect of the chest

43
Q

All massage manipulations should be directed towards______________.

A

The chest: so that lymphatic fluid is encouraged to move back into the circulatory system

44
Q

Describe how the lymphatic system functions as a defence against infection:

A
  • The lymph nodes are situated along the lymphatic channels
  • lymph nodes filter the lymph before it is returned to the circulation
  • major lymph nodes are located at the base of the neck, the axillae (armpit), groin and abdomen, where they filter lymph from the head, arms, legs and intestinal tract
45
Q

What is produced by the lymphatic system?

A
  • Antibodies are produced by the lymphatic system to fight infection.
  • enlarged lymph nodes may be noticed in clients who have been ill, or those who have allergies, as the lymphatic system has been working to repel the antigens
46
Q

Major organs of the lymphatic system include:

A
  1. Lymph nodes—>let
  2. Thymus—>there be
  3. Spleen —>sun
  4. Tonsils —>tomorrow

*produced in the bone marrow

47
Q

Describe lymph nodes of the lymphatic system:

A
  • lymph flows through a node in one direction
  • the lymph node functions like a kitchen water filter, purifying lymph before it reaches the venous blood circulation
  • as lymph flows through a lymph node, at least 99 percent of the antigens in the lymph are removed
  • in addition it provides and early warning system
  • any infection or other abnormality in a tissue will introduce abnormal antigens into the interstitial fluid, and thereby into the lymph leaving the area
48
Q

Describe the Thymus of the lymphatic system:

A
  • The thymus gland is the main organ of the lymphatic
  • It’s primary function is to promote the development of specific cells of the immune system called T-lymphocytes
  • Once mature, these cells leave the thymus and are transported via blood vessels to the lymph nodes and spleen.
  • T-lymphocytes are responsible for cell mediated immunity, which is an immune response that involves the activation of certain immune cells to fight infection
  • In addition to immune function, thymus also produces hormones that promote growth and maturation
49
Q

Describe the spleen of the lymphatic system:

A
  • Spleen is the largest organ of the lymphatic system
  • primary function is to filter blood of damaged cells, cellular debris, and pathogens
  • like the thymus, spleen houses and aids in the maturation of lymphocytes
  • lymphocytes destroy pathogens and dead cells in the blood
  • the spleen is rich in blood and supplied via the splenic artery
  • the spleen also contains efferent lymphatic vessels, which transport lymph away from the spleen and toward lymph nodes
50
Q

Describe the tonsils and bone marrow of the lymphatic system:

A

-tonsils are lymphatic tissue that stop pathogens from getting through. First line of defence.

  • Bone marrow is the soft, flexible tissue found inside bone
  • Bone marrow is responsible for the production of blood cells; red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
  • Bone marrow stem cells play an important role in immunity as they generate lymphocytes
  • while some white blood cells mature in bone marrow, certain types of lymphocytes migrate to lymphatic organs, such as the spleen and thymus, to mature into fully functioning lymphocytes
51
Q

What is Atherosclerosis (pathologies of the cardiovascular system)?

A
  • type of hardening of the arteries resulting from fibromyalgia fatty lesions in the arteries
  • this is aggravated by cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes
  • this can result in blood clots, which can damage organs, and possibly heart attacks
52
Q

What are Aneurysms (pathologies of the cardiovascular system)?

A
  • localized dialation of the blood vessel and can occur in arteries and veins
  • can rupture and cause interruption in blood flow which can lead to stroke
53
Q

What are varicose veins (pathologies of the cardiovascular system)?

A
  • most commonly seen in legs
  • the valves which control blood flow become week and cease to function
  • veins become dilated and tortuous and blood pools in the vein, sometimes leading to seepage of the fluid into surrounding tissues
  • varicose veins are seen in approximately 10-20% of all adults
  • The main causes of varicose veins are heredity, obesity, pregnancy, standing on feet constantly
  • no massage should be performed on varicose vein (contraindication of massage)
54
Q

What is venous thrombosis (pathology of the cardiovascular system)?

A
  • This term describes the presence of thrombus (clots) in a vein and the accompanying inflammatory response in the wall of the vein.
  • This is most common in the calf of the leg
  • There is often pain and tenderness in the area and it may be possible to feel heat
  • however if the vein affected is deep in the leg, there may be no obvious symptoms
55
Q

What is the danger of thrombus in massage?

A
  • The massage may free the clot and turn it into an embolus which will move through the veins and into an artery, possibly causing a heart attack or stroke
  • No massage of any kind should be performed if thrombosis is suspected (contraindication of massage)
56
Q

What is hypertension (high blood pressure) (pathologies of the cardiovascular system)?

A
  • hypertension means that the pressure of the blood against the walls of the arteries is higher than normal
  • high blood pressure is probably the most common of all health problems in adults leading to risk factor for cardiovascular disorders
  • In North America, approximately 25% of all adults have high blood pressure
57
Q

What can result from uncontrolled high blood pressure?

A

Uncontrolled high blood pressure produces increased demands on the heart, leading to the hardening of the arteries, and kidney disease

58
Q

What are some contributing factors to hypertension?

A
  1. Heredity (the most common factor)
  2. High sodium intake
  3. Obesity
  4. Physical inactivity
  5. Excessive alcohol consumption
  6. Stress
  7. Oral contraceptive drugs (in women who are predisposed)
  8. More common in people of African decent and also more severe
  9. Pregnancy
59
Q

How is high blood pressure controlled?

A

HBP is usually controlled with medication.

60
Q

Which treatments should be used with extreme caution on a client with HBP?

A
  • Extreme caution should be used when applying heat
  • No heat packs should be applied to the trunk of the body (back, chest or abdomen)
  • clients should not be allowed to take saunas, whirlpool or steam cabinet
61
Q

What is hypotension (pathologies of the cardiovascular system)?

A
  • postural hypotension is an abnormal drop in blood pressure when a person gets up from lying down to a standing position
  • dizziness or fainting may occur
  • if a client has low blood pressure they should get up very slowly and be supported while rising
62
Q

What is Angina (pathologies of the cardiovascular system)?

A
  • This is chest pain associated with deficiency of blood going to the heart
  • this usually caused by blockages of the arteries to the heart and may be brought on by exertion or stress
  • its is often mistaken for indigestion
63
Q

What is Myocardial Infarction (pathologies of the cardiovascular system)?

A
  • Heart attack
  • the heart is completely deprived of blood
  • onset is usually sudden with severe pain which may radiate down the left arm and possibly into the jaw
  • woman often suffer atypical symptoms including nausea and vomiting or shortness of breath and may not experience chest pain
  • with no blood supply, areas of the cardiac muscle die
  • there is damage to the heart muscle and the person may not survive the heart attack if treatment is not received promptly
64
Q

What is a cardiovascular accident? (Pathologies of the cardiovascular system)

A
  • stroke
  • stroke is an acute, local neurological deficit from an interruption of blood flow in a blood vessel in the brain- this causes brain cells to die
  • the outcome depends on the number of brain cells that die and where they are located
  • if there is a great deal of damage, the person may die
  • otherwise damage to specific brain cells will cause specific physical and mental deficiencies.
  • damage to the left side of the brain will cause deficits to the right side of the body
  • the person may have paralysis or weakness in their arms or legs
  • they may have difficulty speaking or be able to speak but unable to find the correct words

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