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Skin Care > Skin Pathologies 2 > Flashcards

Skin Pathologies 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Acne (sebaceous gland disorders)

A
  • acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder of the sebaceous glands
  • characterized by comedones and blemishes.
  • acne occurs when the contents of the sebaceous glands are broken down and their lipids (fats) are emptied into hair follicle.
  • there are many types of acne- common acne is called acne simplex or acne vulgaris
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2
Q

What does inflammation of the sebaceous glands result from?

A

Inflammation of the sebaceous glands results from retained oil secretions, cells, and excessive propionibacterium acne (p. acne) bacteria.

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3
Q

What is propionibacterium acne?

A

Propionibacterium acne (p. acne) is the scientific name of the Bacterium that causes acne vulgaris

  • These bacteria are anaerobic [cannot survive in oxygen]
  • P bacteria are constantly present in the follicle in small numbers
  • They are kept from reproducing in large numbers by the oxygen that is constantly aerating the open follicle
  • however when the follicle is blocked from oxygen circulation, these bacteria multiply in great numbers, feeding off the sebum produced by overreactive sebaceous glands
  • acne ranges from mild breakouts to disfiguring cysts and scarring. Acne can be controlled with proper medication‘s, but medication‘s have side effects and treatment may sometimes be a lifelong battle
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4
Q

How many grades of acne are there? Describe them.

A

Acne is broken down into four grades. The number of lesions, Commadomes, Papules, pustules, or cysts present determines the severity of the acne.

grade 1- Minor breakout, mostly open commadomes, some closed, and a few papules

grade 2 -Many closed comedones, more open comedones and occasional papules and pustules

grade 3 -Red and inflamed, many comedones, Papules and pustules

grade 4 -cystic acne, cysts with comedones, papules and pustules and inflammation are present. Scar formation from tissue damage is common.

Physicians may prescribe medication’s to treat grade 3 and 4 acne

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5
Q

Describe sebaceous cysts [or steatoma]

A
  • These are common, benign swelling beneath the skin and filled with material composed of sebum and epithelial debris
  • These are mobile but attached to the skin by the remains of a sebaceous gland duct
  • They often become infected and a half to be surgically removed
  • found on the face, scalp, back and anywhere that there are sebaceous ducts

-it should be recommended that the client see a doctor to make sure they are not tumors. If they are not infected, and are not a cosmetic concern, they do not have to be removed

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6
Q

Describe acne vulgaris [acne Simplex]

A
  • Acne vulgaris is most common during adolescence
  • almost all teenagers experience at least a few comedones 
  • There is a genetic predisposition to acne, and stress may be a factor
  • Many females experience a break out in the week before menstruation
  • Acne vulgaris is most common on the face and neck, and to a lesser extent on the back, chest and shoulders
  • good hygiene is important [although acne is not caused purely by poor hygiene]
  • Contact with other surfaces such as the hands, hats, sweat bands can lead to a worsening of lesions
  • A balanced diet is recommended
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7
Q

Describe acne conglobata

A
  • A chronic form of acne and occurs later in life
  • The Commadomes have multiple openings, most commonly on the back, buttocks and chest
  • their discharge is odoriferous and purulent or mucoid
  • healing leaves deep keloid scars.
  • Affected people have anaemia with increased white blood count
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8
Q

Describe acne rosacea [populopustular]

A
  • Rosacea is a vascular disorder, meaning it is related to blood vessels and circulation of the blood
  • A chronic congestion primarily on the cheeks and nose, characterized by redness, comedones, Papules, elevated areas, nodules [bumps], and in severe cases cyst.
  • it often resembles acne, but often there are no clog pores or comedones present
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9
Q

Describe the “non-permanent” type and stage of rosacea.

A
  • This is the first type in stage of rosacea
  • In the early stage of development there are repeated episodes of blushing [before 20 years old]
  • this eventually becomes a permanent dark red erythema [Capillery congestion] on the nose and cheeks and sometimes extends to the forehead and chin

The second type and stage of rosacea is “permanent”.

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10
Q

Describe acne rosacea

A
  • often resembles acne but these larger than normal pimples occur on the nose and upper cheeks.
  • There may be a lot of redness in the skin around the Papules and pustules.
  • They’re may be dehydrated, crinkled appearance to the surface skin in these areas. -Subjective symptoms of burning and stinging may also be present.
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11
Q

Describe rhinophyma

A
  • Rosacea may develop into an irregular bulbous thickening of the nose and
  • colour changes to purple red
  • this is often mistaken for signs of alcoholism
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12
Q

Describe ocular rosacea

A
  • Occurs in the eye and eyelids
  • resulting in eye redness [bloodshot eyes], swollen eyelids
  • They should avoid: heat, cold, sunlight, hot liquids, highly season food and alcohol
  • specialized makeup is often used to disguise redness of rosacea
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13
Q

Describe comedo [plural: comedones]

A
  • A comedones is a mass of hardened sebum and skin cells in a hair follicle.
  • When the follicle is filled with an excess of oil a blackhead is formed [open comedones]
  • Open Commadome’s occur when the follicle is large enough to hold all the debris retained by the follicle
  • The ostium, or opening, in these follicles is dilated by the mass of impaction, allowing the comedo to push towards the surface opening
  • It is dark because it is exposed to oxygen and oxidation occurs
  • closed comedones form when the opening of the follicles is blocked with debris and white cells.
  • also referred to as a whitehead, but should not be confused with the more hardened white type of Papules called Milia.
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14
Q

Describe Milia

A
  • are pale, slightly elevated papules found under the surface of the skin, not in a pore
  • These epidermal cyst or small, firm white papules
  • pearl like masses of sebum and dead cells under the skin with no visible opening, Hardened and closed over.
  • often mistakingly called whiteheads [Whiteheads are similar but are soft]
  • Milia are more common in dry skin types and may form after skin trauma, such as chronic exposure to UV radiation
  • They resemble small sesame seeds and almost always are perfectly rounded
  • they are usually found around the eyes, cheeks, and forehead, also caused by blocked follicular openings from thick moisturizers
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15
Q

Describe papules

A
  • Papule is a pimple
  • small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid but may develop pus 
  • When enough white blood cells arrive they may form a clump and rise to the surface, creating what is known as a pustule
  • Papules hurt more than pustules because they are deeper in the skin which explains the soreness
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16
Q

Describe pustules

A
  • This is a raised, inflamed papule with a white or yellow center.
  • it contains pus, fluid and bacteria produced by an infection, referred to as the head of the pimple
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17
Q

Describe nodules

A

Nodules are small bumps caused by scar tissue, fatty deposits, or infections

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18
Q

Describe sebaceous hyperplasia

A
  • Benign lesions frequently seen in oilier areas of the face
  • an overgrowth of the sebaceous gland, they appear similar to open Commadomes, often donut shaped with sebaceous material in the centre
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19
Q

List the causes of acne listed in the manual [8]

A
  • Genetics
  • Clogged follicles
  • Bacteria
  • Triggers include hormones, stress, cosmetics, skin care products
  • Heat and humidity
  • Over cleaning
  • Self trauma excoriation
  • nutrition and diet
20
Q

Medication’s and treatments of some of the common acne conditions include…

A
  • tetracycline
  • erythromycin
  • Tretinoin (retin a)
  • accutane
21
Q

Describe Accutane

A
  • Vitamin a derivative
  • Dosage is according to weight usually a five month treatment
  • Skin and mucous membranes will be very dry
  • No sun exposure
  • Never wax a persons face on Accutane
  • only for resistant acne or acne rosacea
22
Q

Describe dermatitis (inflammation of the skin -pathology]

A
  • An inflammatory condition of the skin; various forms include lesions such as eczema, vesicles or papules.
  • The three main categories of dermatitis are atopic, contact and seborrheic.
23
Q

Describe contact dermatitis

A
  • An inflammatory skin condition caused by an allergic reaction from contact with a substance or chemical
  • either an allergic reaction or contact with an irritant
  • Make up, skin care products, detergent, dies, fabrics, jewellery and plants can all cause read, itchy skin
  • allergies to red dyes in products and nickel and jewellery are common
24
Q

Describe atopic dermatitis

A
  • Is a chronic, relapsing form of dermatitis.
  • Irritance and allergens trigger reactions that include dry, cracking skin.
  • The redness, itching, and dehydration of the dermatitis makes the condition worse.
25
Q

Describe Seborrheic dermatitis 

A
  • Recurring patches of white or yellowish inflammation often on the head, face and chest and back.
  • Sometimes it is a chronic inflammation of the skin
  • associated with oily skin and oily areas.
  • One caused is an inflammation of sebaceous glands.
  • This condition is sometimes treated with Cortizone cream.
  • Seborrheic dermatitis is also a common form of eczema.
26
Q

Describe eczema [inflammation of the skin – pathology]

A
  • Eczema is a common skin disorder that occurs in to clinical forms, infantile an adult.
  • It is associated with a hypersensitivity reaction
  • Eczema is an inflammatory, painful, itching disease of the skin; acute or chronic in nature, with dry or moist lesions.
  • There is usually a history, or family history of hay fever or asthma
  • The infantile form shows vesicle formation, oozing and crusting
  • Usually begins in the cheeks in May progressed to the scalp, arms, trunk and legs
  • In adults it is often found in the hands, feet, folds of the elbows and knees
  • care involves allergin control, moisturizing to control dryness, avoidance of soap, and topical or systemic medication
27
Q

Describe psoriasis [inflammation of the skin – pathologies]

A
  • Psoriasis is a common populosquamous disease characterized by red, thickened plaques with an overlying silvery white scale.
  • It is caused by over proliferation of skin cells that replicate too fast
  • There is a hereditary factor and this is a chronic disease
  • It is thought to be an auto immune disease
  • it can occur anywhere on the body but is most often at the elbows, knees and scalp
  • psoriasis is treated with topical medications, such as corticosteroids, and oral medication
28
Q

Describe urticaria [inflammation of the skin- pathologies]

A

-Hives
-are characterized by red plaques called “wheels” that are accompanied by intense itching
-They usually appear as raised pink or red areas surrounded by a palor halo and Blanche with pressure
-They can occur on any skin surface and often involve the larynx, causing hoarseness and sore throat
-Hives are caused by histamine release which causes hyper permeability of the vessels of the skin, allowing fluid to leak into the tissues
-Hives can be acute or chronic
-The most common cause in children is food allergies
-in adults the causes are food, drinks, medication, or exposure to pollen or chemicals


29
Q

What are the treatments for rashes and eczema listed in the manual [2]

A

Cortizone, topical creams

30
Q

What is skin cancer?

A

Skin cancer risk increases with a cumulative ultraviolet sun exposure and is found in three distinct forms that vary in severity. Each is named for the type of cells that are affected. Skin cancer is caused by damage to DNA.

The three main types of skin cancer are malignant melanomas, basale cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinoma‘s.

31
Q

Describe malignant melanomas

A
  • The most deadly form of skin cancer
  • Only accounts for 5% of all cases
  • often arises from the melanocytes of a pre-existing mole
  • rapidly progressive
  • It metastasizes [Spreads] rapidly and is often fatal if not treated immediately
  • can spread throughout the body and into internal organs via the lymphatics and bloodstream
  •  melanoma may have surface crust or bleed
  • caucasians who have a tendency to burn are more susceptible to skin cancer
32
Q

Describe basale cell carcinomas

A
  • are the most common and least severe because they seldom metastasize
  • It rises from the cells of the stratum basil and eventually invades the dermis;
  • Characteristics include sores, reddish patches, or a smooth growth with an elevated border, appears as light, pearly nodules
33
Q

Describe squamous cell carcinoma’s

A
  • A more serious condition than basil cell carcinoma
  • It is characterized by red or pink scaly papules or nodules
  • and sometimes they are characterized by open sores or crusty areas that do not heal and bleed easily
  • It arises from keratinocytes of the stratum Spinosum.
  • The chance of recovery is good with early detection and surgical removal but if it goes undetected can spread to lymph nodes and be lethal.

Skin cancer has been linked to exposure to the sun. Fair skinned and freckled people are at higher risk for sun related cancers. Most develop from pre-existing moles. They are slightly raised and black and brown. Borders are irregular.

34
Q

What is the pH scale?

A
  • PH is the scale used to measure a degree of acidity and alkalinity of a substance
  • “P “stands for the potential of the hydrogen ion. “H” is the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
  • when a solution is neither alkaline nor acidic it is called neutral. For example, the pH of pure water, a neutral substance, is seven.
  • if the pH of a solution is less than seven, it is acidic. If it is greater than seven, it is alkaline [or basic]
  • PH scale is a logarithmic scale which means that a change of one whole number represents a tenfold change in pH.
  • for example a pH of eight is 10 times more alkaline than a pH of seven.
  • A change of two whole numbers indicates a change of 10×10, or 100 fold change
35
Q

What is an ion?

A
  • An ion is an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge
  • Ionization causes an atom or molecule to split into two, creating a pair of ions with opposite electrical charges
  • an ion with a negative electrical charge is an anion and an ion with a positive electrical charge is cation
36
Q

What should the pH number of healthy skin be?

A

It is important for the spa therapist to know that a healthy skin must have a pH of between 5.5 and 6. It is important so that they can select products that will help bring the skin to its normal pH.

37
Q

Describe acids/acidic of the pH scale

A
  • Substances that have a pH below seven
  • taste sour
  • turn litmus paper from blue to red
  • the lower the pH number, the greater the degree of acidity
38
Q

Describe alkalis/ alkaline/ “basic” (bases)

A
  • also known as bases have a pH above 7
  • taste bitter
  • turns litmus paper from red to blue
  • the higher the pH number the greater the degree of alkalinity
39
Q

Describe the pH of pure distilled water

A
  • In pure distilled water, each molecule that ionizes produces one hydrogen ion and one hydroxide ion
  • Pure water has a neutral pH because it contains the same number of hydrogen ions as hydroxide ions
40
Q

Describe pH of the human body and blood

A
  • A slight disturbances of pH can seriously destruct physiological functions and alter drug actions, so it is important that the body carefully controls its pH
  • For example, blood normally has a pH ranging from 7.35 to 7.45
  • deviation from this range causes tremors, fainting, paralysis or even death
  • Chemical solutions that resist change in pH are called buffers
41
Q

Define “buffers”

A

Chemical solutions that resist changes in pH

42
Q

The pH scale ranges from one to 14

A

1 is acidic 7 is neutral and alkaline is 14

43
Q

Describe how pH is influenced in the dermis

A

-The cutaneous pH is influenced by external agents such as sunlight, cleansing preparation’s, cosmetics, digestion, diet and a number of other factors that may cause it to vary from day today and even from hour to hour
-For this reason it should be measured under very special conditions and the results controlled regularly

44
Q

Describe the importance of pH in skin care products

A
  • When the skin is exposed to extremes in pH levels, dryness, dehydration, inflammation, and even bacteria can grow if the product is incorrect for a given skin type
  • Extreme variations in pH can damage the skins barrier function and cause irritation
  • Buffering agents are frequently added to the skin care products to maintain the pH at the correct level to produce the desired effect while keeping the product safe and non-irritating to the skin
45
Q

What is a common inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands?

A

Acne

Skin Care (22 decks)

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