Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Skin Care > Chemistry & Electrical Current > Flashcards

Chemistry & Electrical Current Flashcards

1
Q

What is chemistry?

A

The science that deals with composition, structure and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two branches of chemistry?

A
  1. Organic

2. Inorganic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

-the study of substances that contain an element of carbon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do all living things contain?

A

All living things (plants and animals) contain carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes organic substances burn?

A
  • Organic substances are flammable and will burn
  • gasoline, plastics, synthetic fabrics, pesticides, and fertilizers are all organic substances
  • carbon is flammable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is inorganic chemistry?

A

Dealing with compounds that do not contain the element of carbon but may contain the element hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Are inorganic substances flammable?

A

-No (they do not have carbon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Are inorganic substances “alive”?

A

They are not and never were considered alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are examples of inorganic substances?

A

Metals, minerals, glass, water, air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is matter?

A

Any substance that occupies space and has a mass (weight).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What two properties do all types of matter have?

A

-physical and chemical properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

All matter exists in either of these three forms:

A
  1. Solid
  2. liquid
  3. gas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an element?

A
  • is the simplest form of chemical matter

- cannot be broken down into smaller substances without loss of identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many naturally occurring “elements” are there?

A

-about 90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are Atoms?

A

Particles from which all matter is composed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the smallest particle of an element?

A

-an ATOM is the smallest part of en element that still retains properties of that element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do atoms vary or change between each element?

A

-the atoms of each element are different in structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Atoms consist of smaller particles called:

A

Protons- positively charges
Neutrons- neutrally charged
Electrons- negatively charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the number of protons in an atom compared to the number of electrons:

A

-the number of protons in an atom is EQUAL to the number of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

An atom is FORMED by:

A

-a nucleus and cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In a “happy” atom: the number of protons in the _________equals the number of electrons in the_________

A
  • nucleus

- cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is an Atom considered to be “electrically neutral”?

A

-because the number of positive protons equals the number of negative electrons

As is in the following diagram:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a Molecule?

A

-a Molecule is formed by chemically joining two or more atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a water molecule?

A

-formed from two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, existing together in harmony (H2O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How many molecules are in a single drop of water?

A
  • billions of molecules make up a single drop of water

- these molecules are stunningly small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why is it called H2O?

A

Molecules are referred to in scientific terms by letters, making it easier and faster to refer to them. Water is therefore referred to as H2O (two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is an Ion?

A

An atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ions are atoms with either ______________ or ________________:

A
  • extra electrons

- missing electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why do Ions lose and gain electrons?

A

-they lose and gain electrons for various reasons (it is important now that you know that they can)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What will happen when an electron becomes displaced from an atom, or added to an atom?

A

-the atom will take on an electrical charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What happens if an atom gains an electron?

A

-the number of electrons will then exceed the number of protons- and the atom becomes negatively charged. (Negative Ion / Anion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What will happen if an atom loses an electron?

A

-the number of protons will exceed the number of electrons and the atom will becomes positively charges (positive Ion / Cation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

In the universe we have:

A
  1. Neutral Atoms
  2. Positively charged Cations
  3. Negatively charged Anions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is Electricity?

A

-the movement of particles around an atom that creates pure energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What form of energy is electricity?

A

-electricity is a from of energy that exhibits magnetic, chemical, and thermal effects, when in motion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is electrical current?

A

-the flow of electricity along a conductor or in a complete circuit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

In electricity, all materials can be classified as either:

A

-Conductors or non-conductors (insulators)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

All substances can be considered conductors or insulators depending on:

A

-the case with which an electric current can be transmitted through them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is a conductor?

A

Any material that easily conducts electricity.

-this means that electricity will pass through the material easily.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What material usually makes a good conductor?

A

-Metals make good conductors, particularly: copper.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is an Insulator?

A
  • Also known as a non-conductor

- a substance that does not conduct electricity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which materials make good insulators?

A
  • rubber
  • silk
  • wood
  • glass
  • cement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The flow of an electrical current can be compared to:

A

-water flowing through a garden hose

44
Q

The intensity of an electrical current depends upon:

A

The number of electrons travelling through the conductor at any one time.

45
Q

What is the intensity of electrical current measured in?

A

-amperes (AMP)

46
Q

What usually causes electrocution accidents to become fatal?

A

-it is the amps that kill, not the volts

47
Q

Why are amps fatal to the human body?

A

-because very few amps are needed to disrupt the bodies natural electrochemical exchanges and stop the heart

48
Q

In practice you can have high _________ with low _________, or vice-versa.

A

Voltage currents with low amps, or vice versa

49
Q

Electrical resistance in a conducting material represents:

A

-the degree of difficulty that a conductor presents to the movement of the electrons passing through it

50
Q

Electrical resistance is measured in:

A

OHMS

51
Q

The following define electrical measurements:

A
  1. Volt
  2. Ampere (amps)
  3. Milliampere (AM)
  4. OHM
  5. Watt
  6. Circuit
52
Q

What is a Volt?

A
  • a volt or a voltage is a unit that measure the pressure that pushes the flow of electrons forward through a conductor
53
Q

What does a higher voltage indicate?

A

-more pressure, force and power

54
Q

The difference in potential which exist between two extremes of a conductor is called the:

A

VOLTAGE

55
Q

The unit to measure voltage is the:

A

VOLT (V)

56
Q

What is an ampere?

A

-the unit that measures the strength of an electrical current (the rate at which the electrons flow through a conductor)

57
Q

What does a higher AMP rating indicate?

A

-a greater number of electrons and a stronger unit

58
Q

What is a Milliampere (AM)

A
  • the measurement of AMP you will encounter delivering aesthetic services
59
Q

What size is a milliampere?

A
  • it is 1 thousandth part of an ampere
60
Q

What is an OHM?

A

-unit that measures the resistance of an electrical current

61
Q

Current will not flow through a conductor unless:

A

-the force (VOLT) is stronger than the resistance (OHMS)

62
Q

What is a Watt?

A
  • how much electrical energy is being used in one second

- i.e: a 40 watt light bulb uses 40 watts of energy per second.

63
Q

-How many watts are in 1 kilowatt?

A

-1,000

64
Q

What is a Circuit?

A

-a complete circuit of electricity is the entire path travelled by the current form its generating source, through various conductors (wire, electrode, body) and back to its original source

65
Q

What is a Circuit breaker (safety devices)

A
  • a switch that automatically interrupts or shuts of an electrical circuit at the first indication of an overload
66
Q

What are Fuses (safety devices)

A
  • Safety devices that prevent overheating of electrical wires.
  • it will blow out or melt when the wire becomes too hot from overloading too many appliances or faulty equipment
67
Q

What should be done to maintain safety for you and client when working with electricity?

A
  • all equipment should be checked regularly to make sure they are in working order
  • you and client should avoid contact with water and metal surfaces
  • do not leave client unattended when connected to electrical device
68
Q

What is the scale of frequency for “low-frequency”

A

0-300 cycles

69
Q

What is the scale of frequency for medium frequency?

A

301-10,000 cycles

70
Q

What is the scale of frequency for high frequency?

A

10,001 and up cycles

71
Q

What is Polarity?

A
  • polarity indicates the negative or positive pole of an electrical current
72
Q

How many negative and/or positive poles dos Electrotherapy have?

A

Electrotherapy always has one negative;y charged pole and one positively charged pole

73
Q

What is the positive electrode called?

A

Anode

-usually marked red or as a “P” or with + sign

74
Q

What is the negative electrode called?

A

Cathode

-usually black, marked with “N” or with a - sign.

75
Q

The primary modalities used in aesthetics today are?

A

-galvanic current, micro current, tesla-high frequency current

76
Q

Effects of Positive Pole (Anode):

A
  1. An acidic reaction
  2. Soothes nerves
  3. Closes pores
  4. Contracts blood vessels
  5. Decreases blood supply
  6. Constricts follicles
  7. Releases oxygen
  8. Hardens and firms the tissues
77
Q

Effects of Negative Pole (cathode):

A
  1. Alkaline reaction
  2. Opens pores
  3. Stimulates and irritates the nerves
  4. Increases blood supply
  5. Releases hydrogen which reacts with the sodium in the skin causing sodium hydroxide creating soap suds and cleaning the follicles and softening sebum
  6. Expands blood vessels
  7. Softens tissues
78
Q

What is Galvanic current?

A
  • a constant and direct current in a low frequency

- has a positive and negative pole and produces chemical changes

79
Q

The effects of galvanic current are produced when:

A

-a galvanic current is passed through the tissue, fluids of the body, and watery solutions of salt and acids

80
Q

Living tissue has been compared to:

A
  • a sponge soaked in lightly salted water
81
Q

What should you do before before using an electrical device on a client?

A

-check for all contraindications to all electrical application’s such as metal bridge, pacemaker etc

82
Q

The most commonly used modality is:

A

Galvanic current

83
Q

What is Faradic current?

A
  • micro-current

- alternating and interrupted current capable of producing a mechanical reaction without a chemical effect

84
Q

What is Faradic current principally used for?

A

-principally used to caused muscular contractions

85
Q

What are the effects of Faradic current on the body/ muscles?

A
  • when applied to the body, muscles are tones, circulation is improved and metabolism increases
86
Q

When are Faradic currents at their most efficient?

A

-when placed at the point of origin and at the point of insertion of a muscle

87
Q

What are the benefits of Faradic current?

A
  • improve muscle tone
  • removal of waste products
  • increased blood circulation
  • relief of blood congestion
  • stimulation of hair growth
  • increased metabolism
88
Q

What type of machines use Faradic current?

A

-high frequency machines

89
Q

What is Light therapy?

A

-involves the use of light rays

90
Q

-how fast do light rays travel?

A
  • at an excessive speed of approx 186k miles per second
91
Q

There are many varieties of light rays. In skin-care services, spa therapist mainly works with which type of light rays?

A

Three types:

  1. Infra-red rays (heat producing rays)
  2. Ultra-violet rays (chemical and germicidal reactions)
  3. Visible lights
92
Q

What are Infra-red rays are used for?

A

-to produce soothing and beneficial heat

93
Q

How far does Infra-red rays penetrate?

A

-for some distance into the tissues of the body

94
Q

Use and effects of infra-red rays on exposed areas include:

A
  1. Heats and relaxes skin without increasing temperature of the body as a whole
  2. Dilates blood vessels in the skin, thereby increasing blood flow
  3. Increases metabolism and chemical changes within skin tissues
  4. Increases the production of perspiration on the skin
  5. Relieves pain
  6. Aids in deeper penetration of products into the skin
95
Q

What are Ultra-violet rays?

A
  • rays of sunshine passing through a glass prism will reflect a rainbow. Violet is the last Color on the rainbow. Rays beyond the violet are Ultra-violet rays.
  • short and least penetrating rays of the spectrum
96
Q

What is the action of Ultra-violet rays?

A

-both chemical and germicidal

97
Q

-Which rays of the rainbow spectrum are the red rays?

A

-infra-red rays which are pure heat rays

98
Q

What colour are Ultra-Violet rays?

A
  • they are invisible
99
Q

What needs ultra-violet rays for healthy growth?

A

-plants and animals life

100
Q

What do ultra-violet rays do to the human body:

A
  • produce changes in the chemistry of the blood

- stimulate activity of body cells

101
Q

How do ultra violet rays increase resistance to disease?

A
  • by increasing the iron and vitamin D content
  • increase red and white cells in the blood
  • elimination of waste products
  • restore nutrition where needed
  • stimulate circulation
  • improve flow of blood and lymph
102
Q

Why must the skin be completely cleaned before being subjected to ultra violet rays?

A

-any obstruction of any kind will hinder rays from reaching skin

103
Q

What percentage of natural sunlight is made up of UV rays?

A

5%

104
Q

What are Visible lights?

A

-electromagnetic radiation that we can see, also called “radiant energy”

105
Q

What does radiant energy/ electromagnetic energy (visible lights) do? Meaning how does it travel with energy?

A

-this radiation carries energy through space on a wave

106
Q

What percentage of natural sunlight is Visible light?

A

35%

Skin Care (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions