Chemistry & Electrical Current Flashcards
What is chemistry?
The science that deals with composition, structure and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.
What are the two branches of chemistry?
- Organic
2. Inorganic
What is organic chemistry?
-the study of substances that contain an element of carbon.
What do all living things contain?
All living things (plants and animals) contain carbon
What makes organic substances burn?
- Organic substances are flammable and will burn
- gasoline, plastics, synthetic fabrics, pesticides, and fertilizers are all organic substances
- carbon is flammable
What is inorganic chemistry?
Dealing with compounds that do not contain the element of carbon but may contain the element hydrogen
Are inorganic substances flammable?
-No (they do not have carbon)
Are inorganic substances “alive”?
They are not and never were considered alive
What are examples of inorganic substances?
Metals, minerals, glass, water, air.
What is matter?
Any substance that occupies space and has a mass (weight).
What two properties do all types of matter have?
-physical and chemical properties
All matter exists in either of these three forms:
- Solid
- liquid
- gas
What is an element?
- is the simplest form of chemical matter
- cannot be broken down into smaller substances without loss of identity
How many naturally occurring “elements” are there?
-about 90
What are Atoms?
Particles from which all matter is composed
What is the smallest particle of an element?
-an ATOM is the smallest part of en element that still retains properties of that element
How do atoms vary or change between each element?
-the atoms of each element are different in structure
Atoms consist of smaller particles called:
Protons- positively charges
Neutrons- neutrally charged
Electrons- negatively charged
Describe the number of protons in an atom compared to the number of electrons:
-the number of protons in an atom is EQUAL to the number of electrons
An atom is FORMED by:
-a nucleus and cortex
In a “happy” atom: the number of protons in the _________equals the number of electrons in the_________
- nucleus
- cortex
Why is an Atom considered to be “electrically neutral”?
-because the number of positive protons equals the number of negative electrons
As is in the following diagram:
What is a Molecule?
-a Molecule is formed by chemically joining two or more atoms
What is a water molecule?
-formed from two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, existing together in harmony (H2O)
How many molecules are in a single drop of water?
- billions of molecules make up a single drop of water
- these molecules are stunningly small
Why is it called H2O?
Molecules are referred to in scientific terms by letters, making it easier and faster to refer to them. Water is therefore referred to as H2O (two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom)
What is an Ion?
An atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge.
Ions are atoms with either ______________ or ________________:
- extra electrons
- missing electrons
Why do Ions lose and gain electrons?
-they lose and gain electrons for various reasons (it is important now that you know that they can)
What will happen when an electron becomes displaced from an atom, or added to an atom?
-the atom will take on an electrical charge
What happens if an atom gains an electron?
-the number of electrons will then exceed the number of protons- and the atom becomes negatively charged. (Negative Ion / Anion)
What will happen if an atom loses an electron?
-the number of protons will exceed the number of electrons and the atom will becomes positively charges (positive Ion / Cation)
In the universe we have:
- Neutral Atoms
- Positively charged Cations
- Negatively charged Anions
What is Electricity?
-the movement of particles around an atom that creates pure energy.
What form of energy is electricity?
-electricity is a from of energy that exhibits magnetic, chemical, and thermal effects, when in motion.
What is electrical current?
-the flow of electricity along a conductor or in a complete circuit.
In electricity, all materials can be classified as either:
-Conductors or non-conductors (insulators)
All substances can be considered conductors or insulators depending on:
-the case with which an electric current can be transmitted through them
What is a conductor?
Any material that easily conducts electricity.
-this means that electricity will pass through the material easily.
What material usually makes a good conductor?
-Metals make good conductors, particularly: copper.
What is an Insulator?
- Also known as a non-conductor
- a substance that does not conduct electricity
Which materials make good insulators?
- rubber
- silk
- wood
- glass
- cement
The flow of an electrical current can be compared to:
-water flowing through a garden hose
The intensity of an electrical current depends upon:
The number of electrons travelling through the conductor at any one time.
What is the intensity of electrical current measured in?
-amperes (AMP)
What usually causes electrocution accidents to become fatal?
-it is the amps that kill, not the volts
Why are amps fatal to the human body?
-because very few amps are needed to disrupt the bodies natural electrochemical exchanges and stop the heart
In practice you can have high _________ with low _________, or vice-versa.
Voltage currents with low amps, or vice versa
Electrical resistance in a conducting material represents:
-the degree of difficulty that a conductor presents to the movement of the electrons passing through it
Electrical resistance is measured in:
OHMS
The following define electrical measurements:
- Volt
- Ampere (amps)
- Milliampere (AM)
- OHM
- Watt
- Circuit
What is a Volt?
- a volt or a voltage is a unit that measure the pressure that pushes the flow of electrons forward through a conductor
What does a higher voltage indicate?
-more pressure, force and power
The difference in potential which exist between two extremes of a conductor is called the:
VOLTAGE
The unit to measure voltage is the:
VOLT (V)
What is an ampere?
-the unit that measures the strength of an electrical current (the rate at which the electrons flow through a conductor)
What does a higher AMP rating indicate?
-a greater number of electrons and a stronger unit
What is a Milliampere (AM)
- the measurement of AMP you will encounter delivering aesthetic services
What size is a milliampere?
- it is 1 thousandth part of an ampere
What is an OHM?
-unit that measures the resistance of an electrical current
Current will not flow through a conductor unless:
-the force (VOLT) is stronger than the resistance (OHMS)
What is a Watt?
- how much electrical energy is being used in one second
- i.e: a 40 watt light bulb uses 40 watts of energy per second.
-How many watts are in 1 kilowatt?
-1,000
What is a Circuit?
-a complete circuit of electricity is the entire path travelled by the current form its generating source, through various conductors (wire, electrode, body) and back to its original source
What is a Circuit breaker (safety devices)
- a switch that automatically interrupts or shuts of an electrical circuit at the first indication of an overload
What are Fuses (safety devices)
- Safety devices that prevent overheating of electrical wires.
- it will blow out or melt when the wire becomes too hot from overloading too many appliances or faulty equipment
What should be done to maintain safety for you and client when working with electricity?
- all equipment should be checked regularly to make sure they are in working order
- you and client should avoid contact with water and metal surfaces
- do not leave client unattended when connected to electrical device
What is the scale of frequency for “low-frequency”
0-300 cycles
What is the scale of frequency for medium frequency?
301-10,000 cycles
What is the scale of frequency for high frequency?
10,001 and up cycles
What is Polarity?
- polarity indicates the negative or positive pole of an electrical current
How many negative and/or positive poles dos Electrotherapy have?
Electrotherapy always has one negative;y charged pole and one positively charged pole
What is the positive electrode called?
Anode
-usually marked red or as a “P” or with + sign
What is the negative electrode called?
Cathode
-usually black, marked with “N” or with a - sign.
The primary modalities used in aesthetics today are?
-galvanic current, micro current, tesla-high frequency current
Effects of Positive Pole (Anode):
- An acidic reaction
- Soothes nerves
- Closes pores
- Contracts blood vessels
- Decreases blood supply
- Constricts follicles
- Releases oxygen
- Hardens and firms the tissues
Effects of Negative Pole (cathode):
- Alkaline reaction
- Opens pores
- Stimulates and irritates the nerves
- Increases blood supply
- Releases hydrogen which reacts with the sodium in the skin causing sodium hydroxide creating soap suds and cleaning the follicles and softening sebum
- Expands blood vessels
- Softens tissues
What is Galvanic current?
- a constant and direct current in a low frequency
- has a positive and negative pole and produces chemical changes
The effects of galvanic current are produced when:
-a galvanic current is passed through the tissue, fluids of the body, and watery solutions of salt and acids
Living tissue has been compared to:
- a sponge soaked in lightly salted water
What should you do before before using an electrical device on a client?
-check for all contraindications to all electrical application’s such as metal bridge, pacemaker etc
The most commonly used modality is:
Galvanic current
What is Faradic current?
- micro-current
- alternating and interrupted current capable of producing a mechanical reaction without a chemical effect
What is Faradic current principally used for?
-principally used to caused muscular contractions
What are the effects of Faradic current on the body/ muscles?
- when applied to the body, muscles are tones, circulation is improved and metabolism increases
When are Faradic currents at their most efficient?
-when placed at the point of origin and at the point of insertion of a muscle
What are the benefits of Faradic current?
- improve muscle tone
- removal of waste products
- increased blood circulation
- relief of blood congestion
- stimulation of hair growth
- increased metabolism
What type of machines use Faradic current?
-high frequency machines
What is Light therapy?
-involves the use of light rays
-how fast do light rays travel?
- at an excessive speed of approx 186k miles per second
There are many varieties of light rays. In skin-care services, spa therapist mainly works with which type of light rays?
Three types:
- Infra-red rays (heat producing rays)
- Ultra-violet rays (chemical and germicidal reactions)
- Visible lights
What are Infra-red rays are used for?
-to produce soothing and beneficial heat
How far does Infra-red rays penetrate?
-for some distance into the tissues of the body
Use and effects of infra-red rays on exposed areas include:
- Heats and relaxes skin without increasing temperature of the body as a whole
- Dilates blood vessels in the skin, thereby increasing blood flow
- Increases metabolism and chemical changes within skin tissues
- Increases the production of perspiration on the skin
- Relieves pain
- Aids in deeper penetration of products into the skin
What are Ultra-violet rays?
- rays of sunshine passing through a glass prism will reflect a rainbow. Violet is the last Color on the rainbow. Rays beyond the violet are Ultra-violet rays.
- short and least penetrating rays of the spectrum
What is the action of Ultra-violet rays?
-both chemical and germicidal
-Which rays of the rainbow spectrum are the red rays?
-infra-red rays which are pure heat rays
What colour are Ultra-Violet rays?
- they are invisible
What needs ultra-violet rays for healthy growth?
-plants and animals life
What do ultra-violet rays do to the human body:
- produce changes in the chemistry of the blood
- stimulate activity of body cells
How do ultra violet rays increase resistance to disease?
- by increasing the iron and vitamin D content
- increase red and white cells in the blood
- elimination of waste products
- restore nutrition where needed
- stimulate circulation
- improve flow of blood and lymph
Why must the skin be completely cleaned before being subjected to ultra violet rays?
-any obstruction of any kind will hinder rays from reaching skin
What percentage of natural sunlight is made up of UV rays?
5%
What are Visible lights?
-electromagnetic radiation that we can see, also called “radiant energy”
What does radiant energy/ electromagnetic energy (visible lights) do? Meaning how does it travel with energy?
-this radiation carries energy through space on a wave
What percentage of natural sunlight is Visible light?
35%
