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Skin Care > Skin Health > Flashcards

Skin Health Flashcards

1
Q

Skin health and skin aging are both influenced by what general factors?

A
  • heredity
  • sun exposure
  • environment
  • health habits
  • general lifestyle
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2
Q

Describe the immune system and the skin relation.

A

How are immune system is a complex defence mechanism that protects the body from the foreign substances. The immune system is activated when antigens/foreign invaders are identified. Antibodies are molecules formed to fight and neutralize bacteria, viruses and antigens.

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3
Q

Which type of cells are a part of the immune system?

A

Langerhans cells and leucocyte cells are part of the immune system. There are also T cells.

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4
Q

What are T cells?

A

Immune system produces T cells which identify molecules that have foreign peptides and also help regulate the immune system. They identify antigens and release antibodies.

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5
Q

What are leucocyte cells?

A

These are white blood cells that have enzymes that digest and kill bacteria and parasites. They also respond to allergies. The skin capacity to heal, fight infection, and protect itself is truly extraordinary.

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6
Q

What are langerhans cells?

A

Are cells which protect the body from infections by identifying foreign invaders. They send messages to the immune system. The identify the proper immune response.

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7
Q

Describe skin nourishment form within the body and its importance to skin health.

A

Blood and lymph are the fluid that nourishes the skin. Networks of arteries and lymphatic send essential materials for growth and repair throughout the body. Water, vitamins and nutrients are all important to the skin. Nutrients are molecules from food such as proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Topical products also nourish the epidermidis. Networks of arteries and lymph vessels in the subcutaneous (Hypodermis) tissue send their smaller branches up to dermal papillae, follicles, and skin glands.

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8
Q

Describe cell protection as a part of skin health.

A

The health of the skin depends on the cellular membrane and the water holding capacity of the stratum corneum. Phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, and waxes are all different types of lipids found in the stratum corneum and cell membranes. Ceramides are a group of waxy lipid molecules important barrier function and water holding capacity such as glycolipids. Lipids are reduced if the skin is dry, damaged or mature. Topical products containing ceramides and other lipids benefit wrinkled skin and expedite healing. Cell recovery depends on water to function properly, so drinking water and keeping skin hydrated is essential to keep skin healthy.

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9
Q

Describe cell replacement in the body and the skin.

A

The body replaces billions of cells daily. Organs such as the skin, heart, liver and kidneys have their cells replaced every 6 to 9 months. Cells of the bones are replaced every seven years, unfortunately, elastin and collagen are not easily replaced by the body and the skin does not regain its once pliable shape after being stretched or damaged by UV radiation; however research shows that certain procedures and ingredients, such as vitamin a and AHA’s, stimulate skin cell turnover and reduce visible signs of aging. Regular cell turnover is necessary to keep skin healthy.

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10
Q

How many ways can damage tissues be repaired? List them.

A

Two – regeneration and fibrosis.

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11
Q

Describe regeneration

A

Regeneration is the replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before. Most skin injuries such as cuts, scrapes and minor burns heal by regeneration.

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12
Q

Describe fibrosis.

A

Fibrosis is the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts. Scar tissues hold an organ together but do not restore normal function [example: healing of severe cuts and burns healing of muscle injuries]

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13
Q

What is sun damage and its impact on the skin?

A

The sun and ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation have the greatest impact on how our skin ages. Approximately 80 to 85% of our ageing is caused by sun exposure. As we age our collagen and elastin in our skin weekens. This weakening happens in a much faster rate when the skin is frequently exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

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14
Q

Understanding the UV rays: UV reaches the skin in two different forms… List them

A

UVA and UVB radiation.

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15
Q

Briefly describe the effect of UV radiation in general

A

Cell damage is a cumulative in photo damage from the sun causes photo aging. Pigment dysfunction, wrinkles, sagging, collagen and elastin breakdown, and skin cancer are all the result of exposure to UV radiation.

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16
Q

Describe UVA radiation

A
  • Also known as ageing rays, contributes up to 95% of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth surface.
  • The longer wavelengths of UVA (320 to 400 nm) penetrate deeper into the skin and cause genetic damage and cell death.
  • UVA weekends the skins collagen and elastin fibres causing wrinkling and sagging in the tissues
  • UVA is present all year and more prevalent than UVB. UVA can pass through glass windows and in homes, offices or car windshields.
17
Q

Describe UVB radiation

A
  • Also known as burning rays, causes burning of the skin, tanning, ageing and cancer.
  • Although UVB penetration is shorter and not as deep as UVA, these wave links are stronger and more damaging to the skin and can damage the eyes as well.
  • On a positive note, UVB radiation contributes to the bodies synthesis of vitamin D and other important minerals
  • Melanin is designed to help protect the skin from the suns UV radiation, but melanin can be altered or destroyed when large and frequent doses of UV are allowed to penetrate the skin.
18
Q

What are free radicals and what is free radical damage?

A
  • Free radicals: are chemically active atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons. They have an uneven number of electron and unbalanced electrical charge. Consequently, these are unstable and steel electrons from other molecules, which then damage the other molecules.
  • When these molecules take electrons from compounds from the body such as proteins, lipids or DNA; this process destabilizes and oxidizes the once healthy molecules and create more free radicals, starting a chain reaction of cellular disruption.
  • The prevention of free radicals formation is a critical process and complex task that is necessary for cells to survive
  • Free radicals are generated by many factors including exposure to UV raise, unhealthy foods, chemicals, smoke and trauma from medical treatments.
19
Q

Briefly describe how melanin protects the skin cells from UV radiation and any other defence mechanism by the skin against sun damage and free radicals.

A

The melanin pigment produced by tanning darkens the skin and absorbs UV radiation to help keep cells from being damaged. Skin cells have built-in antioxidants to protect against son damage but their ability to protect cells deteriorates with son exposure. Red and inflamed skin is another indication of free radical damage.

20
Q

What is an indication of free radical damage within the skin?

A

Red and inflamed skin.

21
Q

What are antioxidants and what role do they play towards skin health?

A

- are vital to neutralize this chain reaction by donating their electrons to stabilize the free radicals electrons. Proteins, enzymes and vitamins are all antioxidant.

22
Q

While sun damage may play a predominant roll in skin damage and the way the skin ages, other changes in our environment also greatly influence skin ageing. list and describe them.

A
  • Air pollution from factories, automobile exhaust, and even secondhand smoke can all influence the appearance of overall health of our skin.
  • While these pollutants affect the surface appearance of the skin, they can also change the health of the underlying cells and tissues, here by speeding up the ageing process
  • Climate, humidity levels, and other factors also affect the skin.
23
Q

How can you protect against environmental damage to the skin?

A
  • Routine cleansing at night helps to remove the buildup of pollutants that have settled on the skin surface throughout the day
  • applying daily moisturizers, protective lotions, sunscreens and even foundation products all help to protect the skin from airborne pollutants and the environment
24
Q

Describe how nicotine in tobacco damages the skin

A
  • Nicotine in tobacco causes contraction and weakening of the blood vessels and small Capillery that supply blood to the tissues, causing decreased circulation
  • Eventually, the tissues are deprived of essential oxygen and the skin surface may appear yellowish or gray in colour and can look dull
  • Lack of oxygen and nutrients accelerates skin ageing
  • Smoking and tobacco use may not always cause cancer but are always linked to premature ageing and wrinkling of the skin
25
Q

Describe how medication [prescription or illegal] affects the skin

A
  • Using prescription or illegal drugs also affects the skin. Oxygen deprivation, dryness and allergic reactions are some of the effects of drugs on the skin
  • Some drugs can even aggravate serious skin conditions, such as acne
26
Q

Describe how drinking alcohol negatively impacts the skin

A
  • Alcohol dilates the blood vessels and capillaries
  • Overtime, this constant over dilation and weakening of the fragile Capillery wall can cause them to expand and burst
  • This causes the constant flush appearance
  • Alcohol can also dry the skin by drying essential water out of the tissues, making the skin appear dull and dry when dehydrated, the skin is in an inflammatory state that accelerates the ageing process.
  • Alcohol in excess results in a rapid and sustained increase in blood sugar, and a glucation reaction
  • alcohol is metabolized by the liver into chemicals which are toxic to cells
27
Q

Describe the effects of nicotine and alcohol combined on the skin

A

Both smoking and drinking contribute to the ageing process on their own, but the combination of the two can be even more damaging to the tissues. The constant dilation and contraction of the tiny capillaries and blood vessels, as well as the constant deprivation of oxygen and water to the tissues, quickly makes the skin appear lifeless and dull. Usually, the damage done by these lifestyle habits is hard to reverse or even diminish.

  • Tabasco causes vasoconstriction
  • alcohol causes vasodilation
28
Q

What is glycation?

A
  • Glycation is a destructive process that is caused by elevation in blood sugar
  • Glycation is the binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule resulting in the formation of damaged, non-functioning structures and decreased biological activity. These non-functioning, damaged structures are known as Advanced Glycation End products [AGE‘s]
  • For example, glycation contributes to the ageing of the skin, contributing to wrinkles and age spots
  • Many age related diseases such as arterial stiffening, cataracts and neurological impairment are partially attributed to glycation.
  • Scientists have determined that this can be caused by anything that causes a rise in our blood sugar resulting in inflammation on a cellular level
  • when blood sugar goes up rapidly and continually, the sugar can actually attached to the collagen in the skin, making it still and inflexible [this is glycation]
  • When collagen is cross-linked by sugar, it leads to stiff and sagging skin
  • when the blood sugar is elevated, we are in an inflammatory state
29
Q

Describe how lack of sleep can contribute to raised blood sugar and what hormone lack of sleep produces

A
  • Lack of sleep elevates the hormone cortisol
  • On days we do not get enough sleep, we tend to crave carbs because cortisol raises blood sugar and insulin levels, setting up this craving
  • cortisol (hormone), although necessary for the body, has many negative side effects in excess quantities.
    • Can break down muscle tissue, thin skin, decalcify bones, and elevate blood sugar
    • A healthy lifestyle and a diet with low sugar intake can help keep sugar levels balance in the body
30
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are the internal messengers for most of the body systems and are significant internal factors in the skins appearance, strength, and health.

31
Q

What is the estrogen hormone?

A
  • estrogen is a crucial hormone for good health and the appearance of healthy skin
  • It is anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and a key factor in tissue repair.
  • it is also responsible for maintaining health in several body functions such as coordination, balance, skin moisture, vision, bones and the nervous system
32
Q

Describe the hormonal phases of life

A

Although human beings produce hormones throughout life, several phases are dramatically influenced and caused by the presence or lack of hormones. These include puberty for both males and females, the onset of menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause for females

33
Q

Describe what happens during puberty and the skins appearance at this time of life

A
  • This is the biggest change in the production of androgen, the male hormone, in both males and females. Androgen stimulates the sebaceous glands to produce sebum, which causes the follicles to dilate and the scalp to become oilier
  • This is the age when pores are first easily visible [you may notice that small children have no visible pores on the skin surface]
  • In preteens and young teenagers, pores become dilated because of increased seabom production.
  • the sebum fills the follicle walls, stretching them and making the pores on the surface appear larger.
  • The nose is usually the first to develop visible pores
  • this development of the poor structure continues into the bridge of the nose, then the fore head and then the chin.
  • puberty is when many teenagers also begin to experience acne
34
Q

Aside from acne name another skin condition that can arise or is associated with puberty

A

Keratosis Pilaris:

  • It appears as small pinpoint bumps, usually on the cheeks in the upper arms, accompanied by generalized redness
  • In this condition the androgens has affected the growth of either terminal or lanugo hair’s, which have started growing but are not strong enough to push through the follicle opening
  • The hair remains trapped inside the follicle and irritate the follicle and the surrounding skin
  • routine use of body lotions containing alphahydroxy acids, such as glycollic and lactic acid, is helpful in clearing the bumpy appearance
35
Q

Describe the effects that pregnancy can have towards the skin

A
  • an increase in blood flow and blood pressure during pregnancy may lead to the development of Telangiectasia.
  • pregnant women may also have problems with their facial skin, including increased oiliness
  • fluctuations of hormones may make problem skin worse or significantly better
  • Melasma [also known as the masque of pregnancy] can also occur in pregnant womens skin
36
Q

What is telangiectasia?

A
  • Small, red, enlarged capillaries on the face and other parts of the body
  • can be caused by pregnancy
  • Other causes are heredity, alimentary [digestive], alcohol, smoking, sun damage, harsh cosmetics, trauma, excess localized heat, topical corticosteroids, inflammation, and heat and cold fluctuations
  • these all can lead to permanent dilation of the capillaries
37
Q

Describe the changes in the skin affected by menopause

A
  • female reproductive system is shutting down [egg factory is closing]
  • Changes in the skin begin as women enter menopause in their 40s or 50s in these changes continue into menopause and beyond, all tissues begin to thin and change.
  • This affects the skins protective barrier, epidermidis and dermis
  •  as skin ages, vascular and capillary walls begin to weeken, lipids are reduced, then lymphatic system is less efficient, glands slow down, and there are fewer fibroblast cells, thus affecting cells, collagen and elastin.
  • as oestrogen is depleted, skin begins to lose its tone; less moisture, less melanocytes activity and cellular exchange are reduced.
  • testosterone levels increases as oestrogen decreases which can cause the skin to produce more oil, and hair growth on the face

Skin Care (22 decks)

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