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Skin Care > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Nervous System do?

A

Co-ordinates all activities inside and outside the body

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2
Q

What is the Nervous System made up of?

A
  • Entire body covered with fibres called nerves

- Over 100 Billion nerve cells in body called neurons

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3
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the Nervous System?

A
  1. Central Nervous System
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
  3. Autonomic Nervous System
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4
Q

Describe the Central nervous system:

A
  • Brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves & cranial nerves
  • controls consciousness, mental activities, voluntary functions of the five senses,
  • and voluntary muscle actions including all body movements and facial expressions
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5
Q

Describe the Peripheral nervous system (outer):

A
  • connects outer part of body to CNS
  • It has both sensory and motor nerves
  • It carries impulses, or messages to and from the central nervous system
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6
Q

Describe the Autonomic Nervous System:

A
  • controls involuntary muscles

- Regulates smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, the hearts and breathing

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7
Q

The organs affected by the autonomic system receive nerve cells or fibres from its two divisions which are:

A

The organs affected by the autonomic system receive nerve cells or fibres from its two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.

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8
Q

What is the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

A

-stimulates of speeds up activity and prepares the body for stressful situations

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9
Q

What is the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

A

-operates under normal, no stressful conditions and help restore and slow down activity, thus keeping the body in balance.

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10
Q

What is the largest and most complex nerve tissue in the body? (The brain and spinal cord)

A

The Brain

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11
Q

Where is the Brain located? (Brain and spinal cord)

A

Contained in the cranium

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12
Q

What does the Brain and spinal cord control?

A

Controls sensation, muscles, glands, thinking & feeling

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13
Q

How does the Brain and spinal cord send messages?

A

Sends telegraphic images through 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

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14
Q

Where is the Spinal Cord located? (CNS- brain and spinal cord)

A

Originates in the brain and travels down the trunk- protected by spinal cord column.

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15
Q

How many nerves are involved in the spinal cord? (CNS)

A

31 pairs of nerves exit the cord and supply the body.

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16
Q

What is the primary structural unit of the nervous system? (Nerve cell structure and function)

A

A neuron or nerve cell

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17
Q

What is a neuron or nerve cell composed of? (Nerve cell structure and function)

A

It is composed of: Cell body, nucleus, dendrites & an axon

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18
Q

What is the function of the dendrites? (Nerve cell structure and function)

A

Dendrites receive information from other neurons

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19
Q

What is the function of the Axons? (Nerve cell structure and function)

A

Axons send messages away from the cell body to other neurons, glands, muscles and organs

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20
Q

What is the function of the Nerves? (Nerve cell structure and function)

A
  • Nerves are whitish cords, made up of bundles of nerve fibres held together by connective tissue through which impulses are transmitted
  • Nerves have their origin in the brain and spinal cord and their branches to all parts of the body
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21
Q

How many types of Nerves are there?

A

Two

Sensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent)

22
Q

Describe Sensory Nerves:

A
  • Afferent nerves
  • carries impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations such as touch , cold, heat, sight, taste, smell, paint and pressure are experienced
  • sensory nerve endings called receptors are located close to the surface of the skin
  • as impulses pass form the sensory nerves to the brain and back through the motor nerves to the muscles; a complete circuit is established, resulting in movements of the muscles
23
Q

Describe Motor Nerves:

A
  • Efferent
  • carries impulses from the brain to the muscles of glands
  • these transmitted impulses produce movements
24
Q

What is a reflex?

A
  • An automatic nerve reaction to a stimulus
  • involves the movement of impulses from sensory receptor along the afferent neuron to a muscle, causing a reaction
  • for example: the quick removal of the hand from a hot object)
  • Reflexes do not have to be learned, they are automatic.
25
Q

Pathologies of the nervous system can be broadly categorized into three groups:

A
  1. Pathologies affecting the brain
  2. Pathologies affecting the Central Nervous System (CNS)
  3. Pathologies Affecting the peripheral nerves
26
Q

What can Pathologies affecting the brain cause?

A

These conditions may affect the clients ability to understand information, or may affect their emotional control.

27
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease? (Pathologies of the brain)

A
  • caused by atrophy of areas of the brain
  • characterized by gradual and insidious progression of symptoms such as confusion, memory failure, restlessness, and speech disturbances
  • usually occurs in the elderly but can occasionally start in person of middle age
  • A client with Alzheimer’s may require a family member to help them understand the service being provided, and to give consent of their behalf.
28
Q

Describe Seizure disorders (pathologies of the brain)

A
  • seizures or convulsions (epilepsy) result from abnormal or irregular discharges of electrical activity in the brain.
  • during these episodes, the individual may experience sensory disturbances, seizures, abnormal behaviour and loss of consciousness
  • causes of most seizure disorders are unknown but they have been linked to brain injury either before or after birth and chemical imbalances.
  • seizures are sometimes brought on by flashing or flickering lights, or other stimulus that is irritating to the clients brain
29
Q

Seizure may present in different ways. Describe ABSENCE seizures:

A

-present as brief periods of unconsciousness and the client may not be aware that anything has happened. There is no convulsion

30
Q

Seizure may present in different ways. Describe PARTIAL or FOCAL seizures:

A
  • do not involve any loss of consciousness

- client may exhibit unusual behaviour, such as walking around in a circle or saying things that don’t make sense

31
Q

Seizure may present in different ways. Describe Tonic-clonic seizures:

A
  • often preceded by a warning sign that the client is aware of
  • in the seizure itself the client loses consciousness, drops to the floor, and there is jerking of the muscles caused by repeated contractions and relaxations of the major muscle groups
32
Q

What is the first rule if someone is having a seizure?

A

-Protect from injury

  • do not attempt to restrain the person in any way
  • make sure they cannot fall (it is best if they can be on the floor)
  • cushion any hard or sharp surfaces so they cannot injure themselves
  • After the seizure, do not continue any treatment but place the client in a quiet, warm place until they are able to leave. Arrange for safe transportation.
33
Q

Describe Depression (disorders of mood)

A
  • a common disorder which affects approximately 20% of the population and is more common in women than in men.
  • It may be unipolar (depression only) or bipolar (alternating depression and mania)
34
Q

What is situational depression vs clinical depression?

A

Situational depression- when someone feels depression after an unfortunate incident that’s has taken place in their lives

Clinical depression- linked to decreased levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine

It can be controlled with medications to regulate there’s brain chemicals

35
Q

Which type of depression is linked to lack of daylight in winter months?

A

SAD- seasonal affective disorder

36
Q

Describe Schizophrenia (pathologies of the brain)

A
  • psychotic disorder of thought and language
  • manifestations include disorganized speech, delusions, visual and auditory hallucinations
  • onset usually early adulthood
  • cause is abnormality in brain structure and neurotransmitters
  • symptoms can be controlled by medications that regulate neurotransmitters
37
Q

Describe Anxiety Disorders (pathologies of the brain)

A

-include panic disorders and obsessive compulsive disorders

38
Q

Describe panic disorders (anxiety disorders) (pathologies of the brain)

A

-panic disorder is characterized by a feeling of intense fear with racing heart, increased breathing rate, and sweating

39
Q

Describe obsessive compulsive disorders (anxiety disorders) pathologies of the brain)

A
  • obsessive compulsive disorder is characterized by repetitive thoughts and repeated acts that are time consuming or distressing to the person
  • (they may have to wash their hands repeatedly before they can leave the house, or perform tasks a particular number of times or in a particular order.
  • OCD is also seen in people with other neurological disorders such as autism
  • These disorders are frequently seen in several members of a family
40
Q

What are eating disorders?

A

Eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulletin and binge eating
-they involve serious disturbances in eating as well as excessive concern over body weight and shape

41
Q

What is Anorexia nervosa?

A

-involves an intense fear of gaining weight
-most common in young women
-it often begins when a young women is overweight or believes she is overweight
-An interest in weight reduction becomes an obsession with severely restricted food intake and frequently with excessive physical exercise
-Psychological issues are involved in which a person tries to exert control in their life by controlling food intake and weight
-Many systems are affected by the malnutrition that results
—menstruation stops
—breasts disappear
—bones become weak
—the person is constipated
—heart size decreases
—fine har (lanugo) may develop on skin
—death can occur due to starvation or damage to heart or other organs

42
Q

What is binge eating?

A

Characterized by eating rapidly, until uncomfortably full

  • eating large amounts when not hungry
  • eating alone because of embarrassment
43
Q

What is Bulimia nervosa?

A
  • also more common in women than men
  • usually begins in teenage years
  • consists of binge eating followed by self induced vomiting or abuse of laxatives
  • problems that result are dental disorders and damage to the throat and stomach
  • electrolyte imbalance may result with lose of necessary minerals
  • the individuals weight may fluctuate
  • some people with anorexia nervosa may also have bulimia
44
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis? (Pathologies of the CNS) (brain and spinal cord)

A
  • starts in early adulthood
  • more common in northern climates
  • twice as common in women than men and tends to occur in families
  • the myelin covering the nerves in the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve is affected, causing symptoms which vary depending on the location of the demyelination
  • symptoms include: visual changes, numbness and spasticity of muscles, changes in gait or inability to walk, fatigue, speech disturbances
  • symptoms may occurs and then relapse
  • some people have lengthy periods of remission and symptoms progress very slowly/ others progress rapidly
45
Q

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? (ALS) (a.k.a Lou Gehrig Disease) (pathologies of the CNS) (brain and spinal cord)

A
  • a devastating neurological disorder that affects motor function
  • symptoms: weakness, spasticity or stiffness, and impaired fine motor control
  • some experience difficulty swallowing, speaking or breathing
  • tends to affect older adults
  • survival rate 3-5 years
46
Q

Describe Spinal Cord Injuries (pathologies of the CNS) (brain and spinal cord)

A
  • symptoms depend on level of injury and the amount of damage
  • complete SCI implies that there is no movement or sensation below the level of injury. However severance of the cord is rare.
  • an incomplete spinal cord injury may result in paralysis of the legs OR may cause damage to the motor nerves while retaining some sensation
47
Q

What is Cerebral Palsy (pathologies of the CNS) (brain and spinal cord)

A
  • a group of motor disorders resulting in muscular in coordination and loss of muscle control.
  • not a disease/ caused by damage to the brains motor areas during fetal life, birth, or infancy
  • not progressive but irreversible
  • intelligence may or may not be affected, speech may be impaired
48
Q

What are causes of Cerebral Palsy during fetal life?

A 
-causes during fetal life include:
—rubella infection
—toxaemia
—malnutrition during pregnancy
—damage during birth resulting from decreased oxygen
49
Q

What are causes of Cerebral Palsy during childhood?

A

Causes during childhood are:
—trauma
—seizures

50
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease? (Pathologies of the CNS) (brain and spinal cord)

A
  • progressive, degenerative, neurological disorder
  • marked by the destruction of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain
  • onset typically over 50 years old but some as early as 40
  • Muscles may alternatively contract and relax, causing tremors OR may be rigid
  • They may have difficulty initiating movement
  • some will have difficulty walking

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