Urinary and Cardio Flashcards
purpose of urinary system
regulates electrolytes, stimulates RBCs, controls blood pressure
filter waste products from the blood, reabsorb water and nutrients, secrete excess in the form of urine
nephron
tuft of capillaries that sustains higher blood pressure and filtrates blood into the bowmans capsule
glomerulus
which part of the kidney regulates electrolyte balance
loop of henle
when blood pH is higher than 7.45 it is considered
alkaline
secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, and aldosterone secreted by the adrenal glands regulate this process
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
substance produced by the kidneys that stimulates the rate of production of RBCs
erythroprotein
an enzyme that acts with a plasma protein to produce angiotensin
renin
as BP increases, renin increases thus more ____ is caused
angiotensin
what is it called when someone only has one kidney
solitary kidney
what is it called when someone has a 3rd kidney
supernumerary kidney
a miniature replica of a normal kidney with normal function
hypoplastic kidney
when one kidney is forced to do the work of 2
compensatory hypertrophy
abnormally positioned kidney either in pelvis or above diaphragm
ectopic kidney
anomaly fusion where both kidneys are malrotated and their lower poles are joined by a band of normal parenchyma
horseshoe kidney
lies on the same side as a normal kidney and often fused with anomoly
crossed ectopia
produces a singular mass with no resemblance to a normal kidney
complete fusion
malformation that varies from a simple bifid pelvis to a completed double pelvis, ureter, uretervesical orifice
duplication
cystic dilation of the distal ureter near its insertion into the bladder, usually with stenosis of orifice prolapsing ureter into the bladder
ureterocele
transverse membranes causing bladder outlet obstruction lead to severe hydronephrosis and renal damage
proterior urethral valves
inflammatory process involving the tufts of capillaries that filter blood within the kidney
glomerulonephritis
when does glomerulonephritis usually occur after
weeks after URI, middle ear infection from streptococci
inflammation of kidney and renal pelvis caused by a pyogenic bacteria, affects interstitial tissue between tubules
pyelonephritis
occurs in diabetic patients and causes acute necrosis of kidney
emphysemateus pyelonephritis
pathology where kidney appears as a large black space
emphysematous pyelonephritis
spread of TB leading to the development of small granulomas scattered in the cortex spreading to the renal pyramid causing ulcerative destruction which can lead to
fibrosis (leads to stricture)
destructive process involving meduallary papillae and renal pyramids
papillary necrosis
remaining calyx from this pathology leaves a round, sac, club-shaped
papillary necrosis
inflammation of the urinary bladder
cystitis
kidney stones may result most commonly in
renal colic
deposits in renal parenchyma by hyperthyroidism, increased absorption of calcium, acidosis, and other mechanical failures
nephrocalcinosis
calculi, tumors, urethral strictures, enlarges prostates cause narrowing and blockage
urinary tract obstruction
in acute obstruction the affected kidney is delayed in filtering out contrast media, may take 48 hours to filter out
urinary tract obstruction
most common unifocal masses of the kidney, fluid filled and usually unilocular
renal cyst
an inherited disease in which multiple cysts cause lobulated enlargement of kidneys and renal impairment caused by cystic compression of nephrons
polycystic kidney disease
hypernephrons are the most common renal neoplasms, calcification with cystic mass
renal carcinoma
radiographically localized bulging or generalized renal enlargement
renal carcinoma
most common abdominal neoplasm of infancy and childhood
Wilms tumor
lesions that arise from embryonic renal tissue bilateral and tends to become a large and palpable mass
Wilms tumor
bladder cancer is most common in
men over 50
carcinoma that creates finger like projections in lumen or infiltrate the bladder wall
bladder cancer
bladder cancer can be caused by
chemical exposures, smoking, parasitic infection
looks like punctuate, coarse, or linear calcifications encrusted in the surface of the tumor
bladder cancer
blood clot in renal vein (renal vein thrombosis) occurs most frequently with
children who are dehydrated
radiographically acute total occlusion, kidney enlargement with monomal or no opacification
renal vein thrombosis
rapid deterioration in kidney function resulting in accumulation of nitrogen, containing wastes in the blood and ammonia smelling breath
acute renal failure
chronic renal failure is also called
uremia
clear nitrogen containing wastes from blood leading to excessive levels or urea and creatine in the blood
chronic renal failure
which valve lies between the right and left atria and ventricles that permits blood flow in one direction and are made of flaps of endocardium anchored to papillary muscles
atrioventricular
How to describe the pulmonary circulatory loop
blood circulates to the lungs, to release the carbon dioxide and pick up new oxygen by the right side of the heart
The contraction of the heart muscle is measured by
systolic equipment
The narrowing of the coronary arteries causing oxygen deprivation of the myocardium and ischemic heart disease is referred to as
coronary artery disease
Condition characterized by an inability of the heart to propel blood at a sufficient rate and volume provide adequate supply resulting in tissue necrosis
congestive heart failure
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular pulmonary tissue causing left sided heart failure
pulmonary edema
condition described as a localized dilation of an artery often seen radiographically as curvilinear calcifications in the vessel wall especially in the abdominal region
aneurysm
abnormal communication between the 2 atria causing increased pulmonary blood flow enlarging the right ventricle and pulmonary vessels
atrial septal defect
rib notching is a sign of which condition
coarctation of the aorta
condition that is an autoimmune response to antibodies produced as a result of repeated exposure to streptococcal infection causing fever, inflamed and painful joints, rash and damage to the heart valves
rheumatic fever
accumulation of fluid within the pericardial space surrounding the heart is termed
pericardial effusion
dilated, elongated and tortuous vessels commonly involving superficial veins of the leg are called
varicose veins
condition in diabetic patients and occurs when plaque builds up in intima and progressively narrows the lumen of a vessel
artherosclerosis
narrowing of the coronary arteries causing oxygen deprivation of the myocarsium and ischemic heart disease
coronary artery disease
temporary oxygen insufficiency causes
angina pectoris
left sided heart failure appears as cardiac enlargement, enlargement of superior pulmonary veins, interstitial edema, alveolar adema and pleural effusions
congestive heart failure
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular pulmonary tissue
pulmonary edema
loss of sharp lines of pulmonary markings, perihilar haze, and a horizontal line at axillary margins of the lung inferiorly from interlobular fluid bat wing effect is known as
pulmonary edema
bat wing effect is known as
pulmonary edema
elevated blood pressure, leading cause of strokes and CHF
hypertension
in order for someone to be considered with hypertension their blood pressure would be
140 over 90
left ventricle contraction, greatest pressure in peripheral arteries
systolic BP
left ventricle relaxation
diastolic BP
rapid onset of hypertension that can lead to renal failure or cerebral hemorrhage
malignant hypertension
gradual increase onset of hypertension
benign hypertension
narrowing of systemic blood vessels and an increase resistance to blood flow from long standing hypertension
hypertensive heart disease
left ventricular failure (HTN heart disease) can lead to
increased pulmonary venous pressure and congestive heart failure
localized dilation of an artery, most commonly involves abdominal aorta
aneurysm
results of artherosclerosis, syphilis, infections, trauma, congenital defects like Marfan’s syndrome
aneurysm
moving blood clot
embolism
when is thrombosis considered normal
blood clot is normal for when the body is trying to stop a hemorrhage from a vessel
where does an emboli often originate and where does it get lodged
originates in the vein and then lodges in the artery of the heart
a vessel extends from the bifurcation of the right pulmonary artery to join the aorta just distal to the subclavian artery
patent ductus arteriosis
cardiomegaly with enlargement of the left atrium
patent ductus arteriosis
most common cause of cyanotic congestive heart disease
tetraology of fallot
toe of wooden shoe is known as
tetraology of fallot
damage to the valves of the heart as a result of rheumatic fever from continuous strep infection
rheumatic heart disease
malfunction of a valve to open and close with vascular pressure causing heart murmurs
valvular disease
valve surgery that involves pulmonary pressure for rheumatic fever
mitral valve stenosis
valve surgery where the mitral valve open, regulation of blood into right atrium causing overfilling and dilation
mitral insufficiency
valve surgery through the bicuspid valve that obstructs the left ventricle
aortic stenosis
reflux of blood from aorta to left ventricle causing dilation of ventricle
aortic insufficiency
development of nodules or vegetations forming on heart valves
infective endocarditis
when heart valves are filled with bacteria and tend to break apart easily to enter the bloodstream causing septic emboli
infective endocarditis
accumulation of fluid within the pericardial space surrounding the heart
pericardial effusion
deep vein thrombosis primarily involves
lower extremity
prolonged bed rest, infection, that can be potentially fatal is trauma that is common in lower extremities can cause
venous diseases or deep vein thrombosis
