Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
what does the CNS consist of
A
brain and spinal cord
2
Q
number of cranial nerves in the peripheral nervous system
A
12 pairs
3
Q
number of spinal nerves in the peripheral nervous system
A
31 pairs
4
Q
which nervous system supplies striated skeletal muscles
A
somatic nervous system
5
Q
nervous system that supply smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular epithelial tissue
A
autonomic nervous system
6
Q
nerves that conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to the central nervous system
A
afferent nerves
7
Q
nerves that conduct impulses from the central nervous system to the peripheral receptors
A
efferent nerves
8
Q
basic unit of a nerve that consists of body and threadlike extensions
A
neuron
9
Q
part of a neuron that leads away from cell body
A
axon
10
Q
fatty covering of axon that helps transmissions
A
myelin sheath
11
Q
when is deterioration of the myelin sheath seen causing interruptions of signals to the muscles and other parts of the body
A
multiple sclerosis
12
Q
section of a neuron that leads toward cell body
A
dendrite
13
Q
where do impulses pass from one neuron to another
A
synaptic junction (chemical reaction)
14
Q
2 hemispheres of the cerebrum are separated by a thin membrane called
A
corpus callosum
15
Q
elevations on the surface of the brain
A
gyri
16
Q
grooves on the surface of the brain
A
sulci
17
Q
deep grooves that divide the cerebrum into 2 halves
A
fissures
18
Q
outer portion of the cerebrum
A
cortex
19
Q
inner portion of the cerebrum
A
white matter
20
Q
few islands of gray matter that control position and automatic movement in the cerebrum
A
basal ganglia
21
Q
largest part of the brain that is divided into two hemispheres
A
cerebrum
22
Q
part of the brain responsible for receiving sensory information from all parts of the body through specialized areas
A
cerebral cortex
23
Q
which part of the cerebral cortex receives information that is visual
A
posterior
24
Q
which part of the cerebral cortex receives information that is olfactory (smell) and auditory
A
lateral
25
which part of the cerebral cortex receives information that is motor related
anterior
26
section of the brain that triggers impulses that govern all motor activity
cerebral cortex
27
controls movement of muscles and speech (left side in a right handed person)
premotor cortex
28
maintains memory and creative thought
cerebral cortex
29
made of pons and medulla, located between the cerebrum and the spinal cord
midbrain (mesocephalon)
30
contains nuclei of 12 cranial nerves and is a vital center for cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control
midbrain (mesocephalon)
31
controls vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, and swallowing
medulla centers of midbrain
32
controls muscle movement, equilibrium, gait
cerebellum
33
lies between the cerebrum and midbrain, contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
dicenephalon
34
relay station that recieves and processes sensory information
thalamus
35
links mind and body, site of pleasure and reward, drives eating drinking and mating, coordinates ANS and secreting hormones from pituitary gland, maintains body temperature
hypothalamus
36
consists of inner core of gray matter and surrounded by white matter, conducts impulses from the brain to the rest of the body
spinal cord
37
bones that protect brain and spinal cord
skull and vertebra
38
covering of brain and spinal cord
meninges
39
innermost layer covering of brain and spinal cord
pia mater meninges
40
tough outer layer covering of brain and spinal cord
dura mater meninges
41
delicate layer covering between pia and dura mater
arachnoid membrain
42
where does CSF travel
through 4 ventricles in brain to spinal cord
43
an acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid
memingitis
44
how organisms enter to cause memingitis
enter through the middle ear, upper respiratory tract, or frontal sinuses
45
some types of bacterial meningitis
haemophilus influenzae in neonates, meningiococci, pneumococci in adults
46
some types of viral meningitis
mumps, poliovirus, herpes simplex
47
may show arterial or venous vasculitis or thrombosis with infarction, hydrocephalus, thickening of arachnoid, subdural effusion, empyema or brain abcess
meningitis in CT or MRI
48
characterized by diffuse brain swelling may symmetrically compress the lateral and third ventricles
meningitis
49
viral inflammation of the brain and meninges characterized by mild headaches, fever, cerebral dysfunction, seizures, coma
encephalitis
50
microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi lodge into gray matter and spread to white matter, causing
brain abscesses
51
most common cause of brain abscesses
streptococci
52
on CT or MRI, an abnormal density with poorly defined borders and a mass effect reflecting vascular congestion and edema
brain abscess
53
make up 25% of intracranial infections, spread of infection from frontal and ethmoid sinuses, mastoiditis, middle ear infection, purulent meningitis, skull fractures, osteomyelitis of skull
subdural empyema
54
shown on MRI as compression and displacement of the ipsalateral ventricular structures
subdural empyema
55
infection between the cranial table and dura mater, stemming from osteomyelitis of the skull originating from ear or sinus infection
epidural empyema
56
shown on CT as poorly defined area of low density adjacent to the inner table of the skull
epidural empyema
57
pathology appears as multiple, small poorly defined lucencies that over time enlarge, caused by infections of the sinuses or scalp
osteomyelitis of the skull
58
what percentage of CNS tumors are primary lesions
50%
59
manifest as seizure disorders or gradual neurological deficits like difficulty speaking, slow comprehension, weakness, headache
tumors of the CNS
60
most common primary malignant tumor of the brain
glioma
61
benign tumor attached to dura mater arising from arachnoid lining cells, often found in the convexity of the calvaria, olfactory groove, tubercullum sellae, sylvian fissure or spinal canal
meningioma
62
slow growing bening tumor arising from Schwann cells in the 8th cranial nerve (auditory), usually originates in the internal auditory canal
acoustic neuroma
63
hypersecretion of ACTH causing gigantism in children
Cushings syndrome
64
10% of all intracranial tumors that arise in the anterior lobe, cause gigantism
pituitary adenoma
65
benign tumor containing cystic and solid matter originating from the sella turcica from embryonic remnants extending up into the 3rd ventricle
craniopharyngioma
66
rapidly growing germ cell tumors predominantly in males under 25, most common type of germinomas and teratomas
pineal tumor
67
tumor arising from notochord (embryonic neural tube) where the most common site is the clivus and lower lumbosacral region
chordoma
68
most commonly lung and breat carcinomas that reach the brain through hematogenous spread
metastatic carcinoma
69
caused by acute arterial bleeding (medial meningeal artery) and often over the patietotemporal convexity, rapidly causes neurologic deficits
epidural hematoma
70
venous bleeding caused by a rupture between the dura and meninges, neurological symptoms will appear in minutes
subdural hematoma
71
injury to the brain tissue by movement of the brain within the calvaria, most common in frontal region, patient loses consciousness and cannot remember traumatic event
cerebral contusion
72
can result from trauma to intraparenchymal arteries, appears in CT as well circumscribed homogeneous areas surrounded by edema
intracranial hematoma
73
occurs from injury to surface veins, cerebral parenchyma, or cortical arteries bleeding into the ventricular system
subarachnoid hematoma
74
result from trauma to the neck such as gunshots or stabbings, associated with 50% of traumatic fistulas
carotid artery injury
75
any process caused by an abnormality of the blood vessels or blood supply to the brain
vascular disease of CNS
76
meaning of hemiplagia
paralysis of one side
77
sudden and dramatic development in neurologic deficit, mild deficits to hemiplagia or coma
stroke syndrome
78
focal neurological deficits result from emboli from arteriosclerotic, ulcerated plaque causing occlusion of cerebral arteries
transient ischemic attack
79
people with TIAs have a 50% increase risk for
strokes
80
results from hyeprtensive vascular disease or rupture of an aneurysm or arterialvenous malformation, hypertensive hemorrhage, causes oval or circular collections displacing surrounding brain tissue
intraparenchymal hemorrage (hemorrhagic stroke)
81
rupture of berry aneurysm, cause excruciating headaches followed by unconsciousness
subarachnoid hemorrhage
82
most common demyelinating disorder, impairment of nerve conduction caused by degeneration of the myelin sheaths
multiple sclerosis
83
brain impulses are temporarily disturbed resulting in a loss of consciousness for a few seconds to violent tremors, shaking and thrashing movements that can result in physical injuries
epilepsy / convulsive disorders
84
generalized convulsions, foams at mouth, loss of control of urine and feces
grand mal
85
pre-senile dementia, diffuse form of progressive cerebral atrophy, causes loss of memory, disorientation, confusion
Alzheimer's disease
86
inherited autosomal dominant condition, causes dementia with involuntary movements that are rapid, jerky, and continuous
Huntington's disease
87
progressive degenerative disease caused by an enzyme deficiency resulting in decreased dopamine production, characterized by stooping posture, stiffness, slowness of movement, fixed facial expressions, involuntary rhythmic tremors
Parkinson's disease
88
isolated atrophy of the brain resulting from degenerative disease, prolonged drug use, and long term use of antiseizure medication Dilantin
cerebellar atrophy
89
relentlessly progressive condition of unknown cause, widespread atrophy and loss of motor cells leading to extensive paralysis, respiratory weakness, aspiration pneumonia and death
Lou Gehrig's Disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
90
dilation of the ventricular system associated with intracranial pressure, attributable to papillomas, colloid cyst, suprasellar tumor, craniopharyngioma, or blockage of duct of Sylvius
hydrocephalus
91
viral infection of upper respiratory tract that may lead to obstruction of drainage of the paranasal sinuses
sinusitis
