Disease Process Flashcards
study of diseases that can cause abnormalities in the structure or function of various organ systems
pathology
pattern of response of the body to an injury, infection, or metabolic process
disease
a disease that has a direct causality - we know what causes the disease
iatrogenic disease
a disease that has an unknown cause
idiopathic disease
immediate response of tissue to local injury
acute inflammation
these injuries can cause acute inflammation
blunt trauma, infectious organisms, chemical irritation
a dilation of arterioles and capillaries that produces heat and redness
hyperemia
immediate response of inflamation
increased blood flow to injured tissue
response pattern of inflammation
increased blood blow to tissue, WBCs migrate to interstitial tissue, digestion of dead cells, then repair through new cell regeneration
accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities
edema
pericaditis, pleural effusion, and ascites are types of
localized edema
CHF, cirrhosis of the liver, and renal diease are types of
generalized edema
meaning of anasarca-
generalized, throughout the body
interference of blood supply to an organ or part of an organ that deprives its cells and tissue of oxygen and nutrients
ischemia
examples of ischemia
arterial stenosis, atherosclerosis, thrombosis / emboli
ganclion cells and myocardial cells undergo irreversible damage after how long?
after 3 to 5 minutes
localized area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ cause by occlusion of arterial blood supply or venous drainage
infarction
examples of infarction
thrombus / emboli or volvulus - twisting of the bowel
severe arterial disease may result in necrosis of small extremities called
gangrene
gangrene is an example of
infarction
rupture of a blood vessel
hemorrhage
some causes of hemorrhage
trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, neoplastic erosion of vessel wall
internal hemorrhage - under the skin
hematoma
hemo- is the prefix for
blood
minimal hemorrhages under the skin
petechiae
slightly larger than petechaie hemorrhages
purpura
larger than 1-2 cm subcutaneous hematomas
ecchymosis
resultant cell growth
changes in the number, size of cells, their differentiation and their arrangement may develop in response to physiological stimuli
reduction in size or number of cells
atrophy
increase in the size of cells or organ due to a demand for increased function
hypertrophy
losing a kidney may result in what type of cell growth
hypertrophy
loss of uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation
dysplasia
dysplasia is often associated with
prolonged chronic irritation or inflammation
another name for tumors
newplasia “new growth”
abnormal proliferation of cells that do not respond to normal growth factors
tumors or neoplasia
tumor cells flourishing while patient becomes weak and emaciated
cachexia
swelling produced by edema, hemorrhage in tissue or abnormal cell growth
tumors
localized tumors, parenchymal cells, closely resemble tissue of origin
benign neoplasm
tumors that evade and destroy, do not resemble original cells, cancerous
malignant neoplasms
malignant neoplasms that originate from epithelial cells
carcinomas
malignant neoplasms that originate from glandular cells
adenocarcinomas
malignant neoplasms that resemble stratified squamous epiothelium
squamous cell carcinomas
malignant neoplasms that arise from connective tissue (spread rapidly, highly malignant)
sarcomas
examples of carcinomas
skin and mucous membrane cancers
examples of adenocarcinomas
breast, liver, pancreatic cancer
examples of squamous cell carcinomas
lung, head, neck cancer
examples of sarcomas
bone, muscle, cartilage cancers
spreading of cancer from original site
metastasis
lymphatic spread of cancer
carcinomas, lung and breast
seeding of cancer within the body
diffuse spread, penetrating wall to another organ
tumors penetrate blood vessels and are released into the blood stream
hematogenous spread
assesses a tumors aggressiveness or degree of malignancy
grading
what does grading predict
responsiveness to treatments
the extensiveness of a tumor as its primary site and the presence or absence of metastases to other organs
staging
types of cancer screenings
mammography, pap smear, prostate exam
surgical removal of tumors are used for which type of cancers
localized tumors
radiation therapy is used for which tumors
fast growing, undifferentiated tumors
hormonal therapy does what to tumors
inhibits groth
use of cytotoxic substances that kill both neoplastic cells and normal cells
chemo-therapies
diseases passed down from one generation to another
hereditary diseases
hereditary diseases are contained within
the genetic information contained within the nucleus of the cell
most common hereditary diseases
enzyme deficiencies like albinism (absence of pigmentation)
transmitted to both males and females - when one person is affected, half of the offspring will have the disease
autosomal dominant disease
an autosomal dominant disease otherwise known as dwarfism
achondroplasia
autosomal dominant disease where tumors grow along types of nerves and affect the development of non-nervous tissue such as bones and skin
neurofibromatosis
autosomal dominant disease that is a disorder of the connective tissue characterized by unusually long limbs in proportion to the persons height
marfan’s syndrome (can also cause predisposition to cardiovascular disease)
autosomal dominant disease characterized by high levels of cholesterol in the blood
hypercholesterolemia
hereditary disease that results only when a person is homozygous for the defective gene
autosomal recessive disease
autosomal recessive disease inability of the body to utilize the essential amino acids resulting in retardation and hyperactivity
phenylketonuria
autosomal recessive disease characterized by fibrosis and cyst formation within the pancreas causing progressive disability and early death
cystic fibrosis
autosomal recessive disease characterized by a lack of a liver enzyme required to digest galactose - the breakdown product of lactose
galactosemia
autosomal recessive disease where harmful quantities of a fatty acid derivitave called ganglioside accumulate in the nerve cells of the brain causing mental and physical disabilities
Tay-Sachs disease
glycogen and lipid storage disorders are classified as
autosomal recessive diseases
autosomal recessive disease where red blood cells elongate causing damage to the red blood cell membrane, causing the cells to become stuck in blood vessels
sickle cell anemia
sickle cell anemia may cause
deprivation of tissues of oxygen, ischemia and infarction which may cause organ damage and stroke
most common trisomy disorer caused by the presence of an extra autosomal chromosome resulting in an individual having 3 strands of a #21 chromosome
Down’s syndrome
individuals with Down’s syndrome have a predisposition to
CHF, septal defects, duodenal obstructions, and Hirschsprung’s disease
gonadal dysfunction characterized by a patients appearance being female, but only having one X chromosome, also shortened stature and foreshortening of 4th and 5th metacarpals
Turner’s syndrome
gonadal dysfunction characterized by sterility and failure of testes to mature - epiphyseal fusion and bone maturity may be delayed
Klinefelter’s syndrome
striking osteoporosis of the spine associated with biconcave deformities of the vertebral bodies
homocystinuria
erroneous metabolism of amino acid methoinine that causes a defect in the structure of collagen and elastin
homocystinuria
erroneous metabolism in which an enzyme deficiency leads to an abnormal accumulation of homogentisic acid in the blood and urine
alkaptonuria and ochronosis
radiographic characterization of alkaptonuria and ochronosis
dense laminated calcification of multiple intervertebral disks that begin in the lumbar spine and may extend to the T and C regions
error of amino acid transport characterized by impaired tubular absorption and excessive urinary excretion of several amino acids
cystinuria
pathology radiographically categorized with calcium stones that are radiopaque, and pure stones can only be demonstrated on an excretory urography
cystinuria
glycogen storage diseases usually result in
enlargement of multiple organs, especially the heart and liver
disease characterized by aseptic necrosis of the femoral heads, enlarged spleen, and hepatomegaly
Gaucher’s Disease
generalized disorder of connective tissue characterized by multiple fractures and an unusual blue color of the clera (whites) of the eye
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Disease causing osteoporosis and repeated fractures, which often heal with exuberant callus formation stimulating malignant tumorsa
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
most common form of dwarfism resulting in a diminished proliferation of the cartilage in the growth plate
achondroplasia
classifications of artificial immunizations
active immunity or passive immunity
types of active immunity
vaccine or toxoids
consists of a low dose of dead or deactivated bacteria or virus
vaccine
chemically altered toxin
toxoid
administration of a dose of preformed antibodies from immune serum of an animal, usually a horse, short term effectg
passive immunity
examples of passive immunity pathology
hepatitis, rabies, tetanus
rapidly occurring reaction in which antigens are attacked by antibodies previosly bound to the surface of mast cells
histamine immunological response
severe reaction of histamines may result in
systemic anaphylactic reactions - hypotension and shock, hives, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema
the antigen is a component of cell or is attached to the wall of red blood cells, WBCs, platelets or endothelial cells
cytoxic immunological responses
how are cells destroyed with cytoxic immunological responses
cells are destroyed through phagocytosis or lysis
immunological response where individual is previously sensitized to antigen, and on second exposure there is a reaction
delayed immunological response
examples of delayed immunological responses
poison ivy, TB, leprosy, fungal diseases
profound and sustained impairment of cellular immunity resulting in recurrent infections and Kaposi’s sarcoma
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
60% of AIDS victims develop
Pneumocytosis carinii pneumonia
pathology characterized by hazy, perihilar glandular infiltrate that spreads periphery and appears predominantly interstitial
pneumocytosis carinii pneumonia
categorized by malignant tumors within the skin, GI tract, and lungs. may cause mass lesions to the brain causing dementia and blindness
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
how is Kaposi’s Sarcoma best seen and diagnosed?
CT
the study of diseases that can cause abnormalities in the structure or function of various organ systems is
pathology
measurable characteristics the patient exhibits as a result of the disease process
signs
characteristics the patient feels and describes as their condition as a result of a disease process
symptoms
alterations of cell growth
neoplasia
adverse patient conditions caused by physicians and their treatment
iatrogenic
determining the precise disease process affecting the patient
diagnosis
when the underlying cause of a disease is unknown the disease is termed
idiopathic
describing the expected patient outcomes is called
prognosis
infections contracted at a healthcare facility are called
nosocomial infections
contagious diseases contracted outside the healthcare facility are known as
community acquired
the immediate response the body tissue has to a local injury
inflammation
indicates the membrane has the ability to allow fluids to pass from one structure to another
permeable
causes the swelling associated with the inflammatory process, resulting in pressure and pain caused by protein rich fluid
inflammatory exudate
fibrous scar tissue replaces destroyed tissue with
granulation tissue
fibrous scars are a result of strong connective tissue contracting to form what in the abdomen
fibrous adhesion
protruding tumorlike scar resulting from an accumulation of excessive amounts of collagen
keloid
five clinical signs of acute inflammation
rubor, calor, humor, dolor, loss of function
microcirculation at the injury site results in
heat and redness
swelling because of the exudate is known as
tumor
result of swelling and the pressure on the nerve endings
pain and possible loss of function
the prescence of _____ leads to the production of pus containing dead WBCs, inflammatory exudate, bacteria
pyogenic bacteria
specific inflammation associated with pus formation
suppurative
the result of encapsulation of a pyogenic infection is
an abcess
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities
edema
general accumulation of fluid throughout the body
anasarca
when extravascular fluid accumulates in pleural or pericardial cavities
effusion
extravascular fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity
ascites
interference of the blood supply possibly caused by arterial narrowing
ischemia
localized ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ caused by poor vascular supply or drainage
infarct
thrombosis or embolic occlusions cause almost all
infarctions
implication of a ruptured blood vessel
hemorrhage
when a blood vessel ruptures and accumulates within body tissue
hematoma
reduction in size or number of cells in an organ or tissue
atrophy
failure of normal development accounting for a small size is _____ or _____
hypoplasia or aplasia
when casted or immobilized, a limb may suffer reduction in muscle mass known as
disuse atrophy
loss of nerve function, hormonal stimulation, or blood supply causing permanent atrophy
pathologic atrophy
increase in the size of cells
hypertrophy
increase in the number of cells
hyperplasia
loss of uniformity of cells and their orientation, associated with prolonged irritation or inflammation
dysplasia
“new growth” infused with abnormal proliferation of cells that are out of control
neoplasia
the study of neoplasms or tumors
oncology
neoplastic growths closely resembling the cells of origin in structure and function
benign tumors
new growths invading and destroying adjacent structures that spread to distant sites
malignant neoplasms
malignant tumors are collectively known as
cancers
neoplasia consists of two basic components -
parenchyma and stoma
the name of a tumor is determined by
parenchymal tissue
a benign tumor consisting of fibrous tissue
fibroma
benign epithelial neoplasms with glandular characteristics
adenomas
malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin
carcinomas
malignancy of glandular tissue
adenocarcinoma
malignant connective tissue neoplasms
sarcomas
three pathways that malignant neoplastic dissemination can occur by
seeding, hematologic, lymphatic
a tumor that penetrates the wall of the organ of origin and implants at distant sites is disseminated by
seeding
assessing a tumors aggressiveness, biological behavior, or degree of malignancy
grading
describes the extensiveness of the tumor at the primary site and the presence or absence of metastases
staging
rate that an illness or abnormality occurs
morbidity
study of determinants compiled for a specific disease in a given population
epidemiology
____ genes always produce a particular trait
dominant
____ genes manifest the particular trait when contributed by both parents
recessive
a result in the alteration in the structure of DNA
mutations
reacts to foreign substances and bind to make antigens harmless
antibodies
antibodies must have bound to antigens to develop _____
immunity
AIDS is known to be caused by ___ ___ ___
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
coughing up blood
hemoptysis
epithelial tumor that grows as a projecting mass arising on the skin or mucous membrane
polyp
foreign substances produced by invading organisms
antigens
large, cystic, benign tumor masses
cystadenomas
loss of appetite
anorexia
major metastatic route of carcinomas
lymphatic route
soft fatty tumors
lipomas
tumor cells grow well, patient becomes weak and emaciated
cachexia
tumors composed of blood vessels
angiomas
tumors of muscle
myomas
use of cytotoxic substances that kill neoplastic cells and may cause injury to normal cells
chemotherapy
cells without form
anaplastic
