Respiratory System Disorders Flashcards
structures of the respiratory system
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
trachea branches into
two bronchi, one in each lung
bronchi branch into
bronchioles
bronchiolies contain hair like projections called
cilia
these remove foreign particles from the air to prevent bacteria and viruses from entering
small sac like structures surrounded by capillaries
purpose of alveoli
exchanges O2 for CO2
which section of the brain controls respiration
medulla
which muscles are used for respiration
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
inflammation of lungs by bacteria or viruses
pneumonia
inflammatory exudate replaces air in alveoli
pneumococcal pneumonia
staphylococcal infection, the inflammation tends to produce small patches of consolidation causing airway obstruction or atelectasis
bronchopneumonia
produced by viral and myoplasmal infections; involves the walls of the alveoli and the structures supporting the lungs, producing a reticular pattern
interstitial pneumonia
caused by gastric or esophageal juices entering the lungs; posterior and upper lobes are most commonly affected
aspiration pneumonia
necrotic area of pulmonary parenchyma containing pus-like material
lung abscess
diffuse calcifications in the lungs caused by fungus
histoplasmosis
permanent abnormal dilation of one or more bronchi as a result of a destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall
bronchiectasis
infected fluid in the pleural cavity
pleural effusion
a sharply circumscribed encapsulation of the tuberculosis bacilli is known as
tuberculoma
general term used to describe obstruction of the airways leading to an ineffective exchange of respiratory gases
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
respiratory pathology often associated with an “angel wing” sign caused by air leading out of the lung into the mediastinum usually as a result of trauma
mediastinal emphysema
pathology demonstrated a large area filled “bullae” with air and lacking lung markings and air fluid levels
emphysema
condition of diminished air within the lung associated with reduced lung volume is
atelectasis
thrombi that develop in the deep venous system of the lower extremity and are trapped in the lung circulation
pulmonary emboli
hereditary disease process characterized by the excretion of viscous mucus blocking the air passages
cystic fibrosis
thin walled sac where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the blood in the pulmonary circulatory system
alveolus
hallmark sign of pulmonary over-inflation in the cases of emphysema is
flattened diaphragm
narrowing of the trachea indicates
croup
pulmonary metastasis in the lung is commonly characterized by which radiographic sign?
cannon ball lesions
presence of infected liquid or pus in the pleural space, usually the result of infection from bacterial pneumonia, absess, perforation, trauma, surgery is
empyema
in the event a possible pleural effusion or pneumothorax is suspected, which chest position should be performed
lateral decubitis
inflammatory obstructive swelling localized to the trachea in young children due to viral infection
croup
conditions causing obstruction of the airways leading to an ineffective exchange of O2 and CO2 and difficulties breathing
COPD
chronic inflammation of the bronchi as a result of infection or long term exposure to irritants
chronic bronchitis
obstructive and degenerative changes occur in small airways leading to dramatic increase in the volume of air in the lungs
emphysema
long term effects of emphysema
barrel chest
widespread narrowing of the airway develops because of an increased responsiveness of the trachobronchial tree to agents
asthma
prolonged occupational exposure to irritants causing chronic interstitial inflammation leading to pulmonary fibrosis
pneumoconosis
types of pneumoconosis
silicosis, asbestosis, coal miner’s pneumoconosis
pulmonary fibrosis due to chronic inhalation of silicon dioxide dust
silicosis
pulmonary fibrosis due to inhalation of anthracite dust
coal miner’s pneumoconosis
emboli occlude blood flow to the lung where 80% of cases are asymptomatic
pulmonary embolism
shower of bacteria that enters the pulmonary circulation and are trapped within the lung (drug users mainly)
septic embolism
abnormal vascular communication from a pulmonary artery to a pulmonary vein
pulmonary arteriovenous fistula
low-grade malignancy that constitutes about 1% of all bronchial neoplasms
bronchial adenoma
star-like malignant lesions arising from mucosa of bronchial tree
bronchogenic carcinoma
what percentage of all cancers develop pulmonary metastases
33%
types of pulmonary metastases
lymphatic spread, musculoskeletal sarcomas, myelomas, breast carcinomas, thyroid and colon carcinomas
this disease appears as “cannon ball lesions”
pulmonary metastases
diminished air within lung associated with reduced lung volume (collapsed lung)
atelectasis
secretion of excessive viscous mucous by all exocrine glands blocking the airways leading to focal areas of lung collapse “mucoviscidosis”
cystic fibrosis
severe, unexpected, and life threatening respiratory distress categorized by a complete breakdown of lung structure - leading to leakage of cells and fluids causing hypoxemia
Adult respiratory distress syndrome or ARDS
air is forced out of the lungs into surrounding tissue by penetrating or blunt force trauma
subcutaneous emphysema
sniff test is used to diagnose
diaphragmatic paralysis
rare congenital abnormality in which one hemidiaphragm is poorly developed and too weak to move upward
eventration of diaphragm
