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RADT 255 Radiographic Pathology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

biochemical communication network of small glands regulating a broad range of vital body activities

A

endocrine system purpose

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2
Q

Name endocrine glands

A

pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid

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3
Q

inadequate secretion of hormones

A

hypoactive endocrine

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4
Q

excess production of hormones

A

hyperactive endocrine

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5
Q

acts as a thermostat, when a sufficient amount of hormone is detected in blood, production stops and when levels drop new hormones are released

A

negative feedback mechanism

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6
Q

the production of two different hormones working opposite to one another such as insulin releasing to reduce blood sugar levels and glucagon released to raise glucose levels

A

hormone balance

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7
Q

released to reduce blood sugar levels

A

insulin

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8
Q

released to raise blood glucose levels

A

glucagon

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9
Q

sits on top of the kidneys, consists of a cortex and inner medulla

A

adrenal glands

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10
Q

what do adrenal glands secrete

A

mineralocotoids, glucosteroids, adrogens

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11
Q

regulates salt and water balance by controlling the retention of sodium and excretion of the potassium

A

mineralocoroids (aldosterone)

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12
Q

regulates carbohydrate metabolism

A

glucosteroids (cortisone)

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13
Q

masculinize the body, retains amino acids and increases protein synthesis

A

adrogens (sex hormones)

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14
Q

excess production of glucosteroid hormones mobilizing lipids and increases lipids in blood levels

A

Cushings syndrome

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15
Q

characterized by obesity of trunk, moon shaped face, and large fat pad behind the shoulders (Buffalo bump)

A

Cushings syndrome

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16
Q

attributed to generalized bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex or the result of a functional adrenal or non adrenal tumor

A

Cushings syndrome

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17
Q

manifests as enlargement of the adrenal gland, produces changes in multiple systems such as diffuse osteoporosis, collapse of vertebral bodies, spontaneous fractures, and septic necrosis of the head of the femur or humerus

A

Cushings syndrome

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18
Q

an overproduction of mineralocortcoid hormones produced by the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex that causes retention of sodium and water and loss of potassium in the urine

A

aldosteronism

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19
Q

results in hypertension, muscular weakness or paralysis, and excessive thirst (polydipsia)

A

aldosteronism

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20
Q

attributable to an adrenocortical ademona (Conn’s syndrome), bilateral hyperplasia of the superficial cortical layer, renin secreting tumors, renal artery stenosis, malignant hypertension or bilateral chronic renal disease

A

aldosteronism

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21
Q

results from the excessive secretion of androgenically active substance of the adrenal gland, also known as adrenal virilism

A

adrenogenital syndrome

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22
Q

excessive androgenic hormones causes continuous ACTH stimulation and bilateral hyperplasia, accelerated maturation and premature epiphyseal fusion leading to dwarfism

A

adrenogenital syndrome

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23
Q

adrenal insufficiency characterized by anorexia, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, and increased melanin pigmentation

A

chronic hypoadrenalism

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24
Q

adrenal insufficiency characterized by hypotension, rapid pulse, vomiting and diarrhea

A

acute hypoadrenalism

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25
Q

primary adrenocortical insufficiency that results from progressive cortical destruction, must include 90% of the glands before clinical signs appear

A

Addison’s disease

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26
Q

about half of adrenal carcinomas cause

A

cushings syndrome, virilization, feminization, or aldosteronism

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27
Q

modality used to demonstrate complex tumors that may be difficult to separate from upper pole of the kidney

A

ultrasound

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28
Q

radiographically categorized as metastatis causing downward displacement of the kidney with flattening of the upper pole

A

adrenal metastasis

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29
Q

a tumor arising from the adrenal medulla, produces an excess of vasopressor substances (epinephrine and norepinephrine), can cause an uncommon form of hypertension

A

phenochromocytoma

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30
Q

highly malignant tumor of adrenal medulla origin, second most common malignancy

A

neuroblastoma

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31
Q

master gland, size of a pea, suspended from the base of the brain by a slender stalk (infundiblum) and sits in sella turcica

A

pituitary gland

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32
Q

controls the secretions of the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

33
Q

secretes growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, ACTH, and sex hormones

A

anterior lobe of pituitary gland

34
Q

produces vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin

A

posterior lobe of pituitary gland

35
Q

increases the rate of reabsorption of water and electrolytes by the renal tubules, decreasing urine output

A

ADH

36
Q

causes contractions of smooth muscle especially uterus and increases contractions during labor

A

oxytocin

37
Q

hormone that regulates menses and production of milk during pregnancy

A

lutenizing hormone

38
Q

excessive production of growth hormone as a result of tumor or generalized hyperplasia of the anterior lobe, results in gigantism and acromegaly

A

hyperpituitarism

39
Q

profound generalized disturbances in bone growth and maturation due to malfunction of the pituitary gland, causes dwarfism in children

A

hypopituitarism

40
Q

impaired ability of kidneys to conserve water as a result of low blood levels of ADH or when kidneys fail to respond to ADH, excessive water loss results in polydipsia (excessive thirst)

A

diabetes insipidus

41
Q

severe polyuria can lead to

A

massive dilation of the renal pelves, calyces, and ureters

42
Q

butterfly shaped gland at the level of the larynx, stimulates cellular metabolism to meet the needs of body for energy production

A

thyroid gland

43
Q

excessive production of thyroid hormone by entire gland (Grave’s disease) or from a functioning adenoma

A

hyperthyroidism

44
Q

which population is most commonly effected by Graves disease

A

women 30-40 years

45
Q

disease characterized by nervousness, emotional lability inability to sleep, tremors, palpitations, rapid pulse, sweating, and exophthalmos (PROTRUDING EYES) resulting from thickening of extraoccular muscles

A

hyperthyroidism

46
Q

insufficient synthesis of thyroid hormone as a result of structural or functional abnormality

A

hypothyroidism

47
Q

short stature, coarse features with protruding tongue, flattened nose, wide set eyes, sparse hair, dry skin, and protruding abdomen with umbilical hernia

A

hypothyroidism at birth (cretinism)

48
Q

characterized by lethargy, excessive sleeping, constipation, cold intolerance, slowing intellectual and motor activity, stiff achy muscles, hoarse voice, skin thickening, and thickening of facial features

A

hypothyroidism in adults

49
Q

in children, delay of ossification, retarded bone age, thickening of cranial vault, underpneumatization of sinuses and mastoid air cells, widened sutures with delayed closure, delay in eruption of teeth

A

hypothyroidism in children

50
Q

in adults, enlarged heart as a result of pericardial effusion, soft tissue thickening seen on extremities and adynamic ileus

A

hypothyroidism in adults

51
Q

non-inflammatory enlargement of the thyroid gland

A

goiter

52
Q

results from impairment of thyroid to secrete hormones, low blood levels stimulate secretion of TSH from pituitary causing thyroid to enlarge

A

non-toxic goiter

53
Q

in the past, caused by an iodine lacking diet

A

goiter

54
Q

appears as an asymmetrical enlargement of the thyroid

A

goiter

55
Q

encapsulated tumor, may compress trachea or extend into the substernally and appear in the superior region of the mediastinum

A

benign thyroid adenoma

56
Q

radiographically characterized by calcifications appear in mass, appear as hot or cold spots on nuc med scan, US usually demonstrates a thick and smooth peripheral hypoechoic halo from fibrous capsule and blood vessels

A

benign thyroid adenoma

57
Q

3 major types of thyroid carcinoma

A

papillary, follicular, medullary

58
Q

most common thyroid carcinoma, peaks in adolescence and later in life, slow growing cystic tumor that spreads to regional lymph nodes where it may remain dormant for years

A

papillary carcinoma

59
Q

closely mimics thyroid tissue, 75% of cases are women over 40, usually undergoes hematogeneous spread to lung and bone

A

follicular carcinoma

60
Q

rare thyroid carcinoma, appears with multiple endocrine tumors, dense and amorphous calcifications within tumor, spreads via lymphatic channels

A

medullary carcinoma

61
Q

on nuclear medicine, appears as a solitary COLD nodule corresponding to palpable mass

A

thyroid carcinomas

62
Q

4 tiny glands, 2 on each side that lie behind the upper and lower poles of thyroid gland

A

parathyroid glands

63
Q

secrete PTH (parathormone) which is responsible for regulating blood levels of calcium and phosphate

A

parathyroid glands

64
Q

excessive secretion of parathormone leading to generalized calcium, phosphate and bone metabolism resulting in elevated serum values of calcium and phosphate

A

hyperparathyroidism

65
Q

hyperparathydroidism may be caused by an adenoma, carcinoma, or hyperplasia

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

66
Q

hyperparathydroidism may cause chronic renal failure

A

secondary hyperparathyroidism

67
Q

hyperparathydroidism may be caused by development of autonomous functioning of parathyroid glands with bone disease with chemically controlled renal disease

A

tertiary parathyroidism

68
Q

radiographically characterized by osteosclerosis, rarer are focal areas of bone destruction (Brown Tumors) seen as changes from subperiosteal bone resorption

A

hyperparathyroidism

69
Q

have a “ground glass” appearance or brown tumors

A

hyperparathyroidism

70
Q

insufficient parathormone that causes sustained muscular contractions, muscle cramps, numbness and tingling of extremities, spasm of laryngeal muscles resulting in respiratory obstruction

A

hypoparathyroidism

71
Q

hereditary disorder with a failure of normal end-organ response to levels of circulating parathormone

A

pseudoparathyroidism

72
Q

characterized by obesity, short stature, round faces, opacities in the cornea, short fingers and mental retardation

A

pseudoparathyroidism

73
Q

refers to the presence of similar skeletal anomalies as family members in the absence of biochemical disturbances

A

pseudopseudoparathyroidism

74
Q

radiographically appears as shortening of tubular bones of the hands and feet (especially the 4th and 5th metacarpals) and calcific or bony deposits in the skin and subcutaneous tissues

A

pseudoparathyroidism

75
Q

common endocrine disorder when beta cells in the Isle of Langerhorns of the pancreas fail to secrete insulin or target cells throughout the body fail to respond to insulin, often hereditary

A

diabetes mellitus

76
Q

high levels of glucose

A

hyperglycemia

77
Q

major complication of diabetes mellitus

A

build up of lipids within the walls of blood vessels (artherosclerosis) resulting in occlusion, stroke, gangrene and systemic infections, kidney failure

78
Q

most common cause of death for people with diabetes mellitus

A

kidney failure

RADT 255 Radiographic Pathology (15 decks)

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