Endocrine System Flashcards by Casey Carden

biochemical communication network of small glands regulating a broad range of vital body activities

endocrine system purpose

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Name endocrine glands

pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid

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inadequate secretion of hormones

hypoactive endocrine

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excess production of hormones

hyperactive endocrine

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acts as a thermostat, when a sufficient amount of hormone is detected in blood, production stops and when levels drop new hormones are released

negative feedback mechanism

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the production of two different hormones working opposite to one another such as insulin releasing to reduce blood sugar levels and glucagon released to raise glucose levels

hormone balance

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released to reduce blood sugar levels

insulin

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released to raise blood glucose levels

glucagon

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sits on top of the kidneys, consists of a cortex and inner medulla

adrenal glands

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what do adrenal glands secrete

mineralocotoids, glucosteroids, adrogens

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regulates salt and water balance by controlling the retention of sodium and excretion of the potassium

mineralocoroids (aldosterone)

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regulates carbohydrate metabolism

glucosteroids (cortisone)

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masculinize the body, retains amino acids and increases protein synthesis

adrogens (sex hormones)

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excess production of glucosteroid hormones mobilizing lipids and increases lipids in blood levels

Cushings syndrome

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characterized by obesity of trunk, moon shaped face, and large fat pad behind the shoulders (Buffalo bump)

Cushings syndrome

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attributed to generalized bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex or the result of a functional adrenal or non adrenal tumor

Cushings syndrome

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manifests as enlargement of the adrenal gland, produces changes in multiple systems such as diffuse osteoporosis, collapse of vertebral bodies, spontaneous fractures, and septic necrosis of the head of the femur or humerus

Cushings syndrome

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an overproduction of mineralocortcoid hormones produced by the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex that causes retention of sodium and water and loss of potassium in the urine

aldosteronism

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results in hypertension, muscular weakness or paralysis, and excessive thirst (polydipsia)

aldosteronism

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attributable to an adrenocortical ademona (Conn’s syndrome), bilateral hyperplasia of the superficial cortical layer, renin secreting tumors, renal artery stenosis, malignant hypertension or bilateral chronic renal disease

aldosteronism

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results from the excessive secretion of androgenically active substance of the adrenal gland, also known as adrenal virilism

adrenogenital syndrome

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excessive androgenic hormones causes continuous ACTH stimulation and bilateral hyperplasia, accelerated maturation and premature epiphyseal fusion leading to dwarfism

adrenogenital syndrome

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adrenal insufficiency characterized by anorexia, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, and increased melanin pigmentation

chronic hypoadrenalism

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adrenal insufficiency characterized by hypotension, rapid pulse, vomiting and diarrhea

acute hypoadrenalism

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primary adrenocortical insufficiency that results from progressive cortical destruction, must include 90% of the glands before clinical signs appear

Addison's disease

about half of adrenal carcinomas cause

cushings syndrome, virilization, feminization, or aldosteronism

modality used to demonstrate complex tumors that may be difficult to separate from upper pole of the kidney

ultrasound

radiographically categorized as metastatis causing downward displacement of the kidney with flattening of the upper pole

adrenal metastasis

a tumor arising from the adrenal medulla, produces an excess of vasopressor substances (epinephrine and norepinephrine), can cause an uncommon form of hypertension

phenochromocytoma

highly malignant tumor of adrenal medulla origin, second most common malignancy

neuroblastoma

master gland, size of a pea, suspended from the base of the brain by a slender stalk (infundiblum) and sits in sella turcica

pituitary gland

controls the secretions of the pituitary gland

hypothalamus

secretes growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, ACTH, and sex hormones

anterior lobe of pituitary gland

produces vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin

posterior lobe of pituitary gland

increases the rate of reabsorption of water and electrolytes by the renal tubules, decreasing urine output

ADH

causes contractions of smooth muscle especially uterus and increases contractions during labor

oxytocin

hormone that regulates menses and production of milk during pregnancy

lutenizing hormone

excessive production of growth hormone as a result of tumor or generalized hyperplasia of the anterior lobe, results in gigantism and acromegaly

hyperpituitarism

profound generalized disturbances in bone growth and maturation due to malfunction of the pituitary gland, causes dwarfism in children

hypopituitarism

impaired ability of kidneys to conserve water as a result of low blood levels of ADH or when kidneys fail to respond to ADH, excessive water loss results in polydipsia (excessive thirst)

diabetes insipidus

severe polyuria can lead to

massive dilation of the renal pelves, calyces, and ureters

butterfly shaped gland at the level of the larynx, stimulates cellular metabolism to meet the needs of body for energy production

thyroid gland

excessive production of thyroid hormone by entire gland (Grave's disease) or from a functioning adenoma

hyperthyroidism

which population is most commonly effected by Graves disease

women 30-40 years

disease characterized by nervousness, emotional lability inability to sleep, tremors, palpitations, rapid pulse, sweating, and exophthalmos (PROTRUDING EYES) resulting from thickening of extraoccular muscles

hyperthyroidism

insufficient synthesis of thyroid hormone as a result of structural or functional abnormality

hypothyroidism

short stature, coarse features with protruding tongue, flattened nose, wide set eyes, sparse hair, dry skin, and protruding abdomen with umbilical hernia

hypothyroidism at birth (cretinism)

characterized by lethargy, excessive sleeping, constipation, cold intolerance, slowing intellectual and motor activity, stiff achy muscles, hoarse voice, skin thickening, and thickening of facial features

hypothyroidism in adults

in children, delay of ossification, retarded bone age, thickening of cranial vault, underpneumatization of sinuses and mastoid air cells, widened sutures with delayed closure, delay in eruption of teeth

hypothyroidism in children

in adults, enlarged heart as a result of pericardial effusion, soft tissue thickening seen on extremities and adynamic ileus

hypothyroidism in adults

non-inflammatory enlargement of the thyroid gland

goiter

results from impairment of thyroid to secrete hormones, low blood levels stimulate secretion of TSH from pituitary causing thyroid to enlarge

non-toxic goiter

in the past, caused by an iodine lacking diet

goiter

appears as an asymmetrical enlargement of the thyroid

goiter

encapsulated tumor, may compress trachea or extend into the substernally and appear in the superior region of the mediastinum

benign thyroid adenoma

radiographically characterized by calcifications appear in mass, appear as hot or cold spots on nuc med scan, US usually demonstrates a thick and smooth peripheral hypoechoic halo from fibrous capsule and blood vessels

benign thyroid adenoma

3 major types of thyroid carcinoma

papillary, follicular, medullary

most common thyroid carcinoma, peaks in adolescence and later in life, slow growing cystic tumor that spreads to regional lymph nodes where it may remain dormant for years

papillary carcinoma

closely mimics thyroid tissue, 75% of cases are women over 40, usually undergoes hematogeneous spread to lung and bone

follicular carcinoma

rare thyroid carcinoma, appears with multiple endocrine tumors, dense and amorphous calcifications within tumor, spreads via lymphatic channels

medullary carcinoma

on nuclear medicine, appears as a solitary COLD nodule corresponding to palpable mass

thyroid carcinomas

4 tiny glands, 2 on each side that lie behind the upper and lower poles of thyroid gland

parathyroid glands

secrete PTH (parathormone) which is responsible for regulating blood levels of calcium and phosphate

parathyroid glands

excessive secretion of parathormone leading to generalized calcium, phosphate and bone metabolism resulting in elevated serum values of calcium and phosphate

hyperparathyroidism

hyperparathydroidism may be caused by an adenoma, carcinoma, or hyperplasia

primary hyperparathyroidism

hyperparathydroidism may cause chronic renal failure

secondary hyperparathyroidism

hyperparathydroidism may be caused by development of autonomous functioning of parathyroid glands with bone disease with chemically controlled renal disease

tertiary parathyroidism

radiographically characterized by osteosclerosis, rarer are focal areas of bone destruction (Brown Tumors) seen as changes from subperiosteal bone resorption

hyperparathyroidism

have a "ground glass" appearance or brown tumors

hyperparathyroidism

insufficient parathormone that causes sustained muscular contractions, muscle cramps, numbness and tingling of extremities, spasm of laryngeal muscles resulting in respiratory obstruction

hypoparathyroidism

hereditary disorder with a failure of normal end-organ response to levels of circulating parathormone

pseudoparathyroidism

characterized by obesity, short stature, round faces, opacities in the cornea, short fingers and mental retardation

pseudoparathyroidism

refers to the presence of similar skeletal anomalies as family members in the absence of biochemical disturbances

pseudopseudoparathyroidism

radiographically appears as shortening of tubular bones of the hands and feet (especially the 4th and 5th metacarpals) and calcific or bony deposits in the skin and subcutaneous tissues

pseudoparathyroidism

common endocrine disorder when beta cells in the Isle of Langerhorns of the pancreas fail to secrete insulin or target cells throughout the body fail to respond to insulin, often hereditary

diabetes mellitus

high levels of glucose

hyperglycemia

major complication of diabetes mellitus

build up of lipids within the walls of blood vessels (artherosclerosis) resulting in occlusion, stroke, gangrene and systemic infections, kidney failure

most common cause of death for people with diabetes mellitus

kidney failure