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Anatomy > urinary > Flashcards

urinary Flashcards

1
Q

kidney

A

produces urine
filters blood of toxins, waste products that accumulate through circulation

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2
Q

ureter function

A

transports urine
smooth muscle tube

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3
Q

urinary bladder function

A

stores urine

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4
Q

urethra function

A

conducts urine to the external environment

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5
Q

functions of urinary system

A

regulate blood volume and ionic composition
regulate blood pressure (by renin + reg of amount of water lost)
regulates blood pH - excretion of H+
excretes nitrogenous waste, toxins, + drugs

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6
Q

location of the kidney

A

retroperitoneal
L = T12-L2; R = L1-L3
surrounded by perirenal fat, renal fascia, and pararenal fat

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7
Q

adrenal glands

A

located on superomedial surface of each kidney
also covered by renal fascia

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8
Q

perirenal fat

A

layer directly around kidney

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9
Q

renal fascia

A

layer around perirenal fat
descends into pelvic cavity with opening between two sides
very thin
acts as barrier to any fluid from kidneys

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10
Q

pararenal fat

A

layer around renal fascia

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11
Q

cortex

A

outer layer of kidney
majority of nephron

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12
Q

medulla

A

inner layer of kidney
includes pyramid and renal columns
loop of Henle of nephrons + collecting duct

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13
Q

capsule

A

external layer of kidney
dense, fibrous structure
protection

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14
Q

pyramid

A

within medulla
pyramidal shapes formed by tubes conducting fluid towards urethra

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15
Q

renal columns

A

regions of medulla in between pyramids

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16
Q

lobe

A

includes individual pyramid + half of renal column on either side
+ cortex above

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17
Q

renal papilla

A

apex of pyramid
where tubes drain into; leads to calyx

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18
Q

calyx

A

collecting structure
minor collects from renal papilla →major → renal pelvis

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19
Q

renal pelvis

A

open space
connected to all calyces
drains into urethra

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20
Q

renal hilum

A

where structures enter/exit kidney

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21
Q

kidney blood supply

A

renal artery carries oxygenated blood → branches into 5 segmental arteries (feed into each of 5 segments in kidneys) → branch into interlobar arteries = travel into spaces between lobes → branch at base of each lobe into two arcuate arteries = supply base of pyramid from both sides → interlobular arteries supply cortex

veins parallel arteries; carry deoxygenated blood; run anterior to artery (runs anterior to pelvis)

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22
Q

cortical circulation

A

interlobular arteries extend into cortex between lobules → branch into afferent arterioles = form renal corpuscles in nephrons

23
Q

nephron

A

basic functional unit of kidney
~1 million/kidney
(only need ~10% to be functional)

24
Q

anatomy of nephron

A

renal corpuscle = capillary bed → PCT → Loop of Henle (thick desc → thin desc → thin asc → thick asc) → DCT → collecting tubule → into papilla

25
Q

function of nephron

A

blood is filtered in renal corpuscle
blood cells + large proteins retained by filter
low molecular weight proteins, ions, metabolites, dissolved wastes pass through into PCT
water, ions, and useful substances are reabsorbed into renal tubule

26
Q

cortical nephrons

A

mainly in cortex
small part of loop of Henle sits in medulla

efferent arteriole forms capillary bed around tubules

27
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

sits at junction between cortex + medulla
loop of Henle extends deep into medulla
important for regulation of urine concentration

vasa recta carry away water to preserve salt gradient

28
Q

renal corpuscle

A

afferent arteriole carries blood into corpuscle → forms glomerulus = capillary bed
blood filters through filtration layer into Bowman’s space → PCT
= filtrate

29
Q

mesangial cells

A

cells within capillary bed

30
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

outer membrane of corpuscle
parietal layer

31
Q

podocytes

A

cells covering surface of glomerulus capillaries
visceral layer

32
Q

filtration layer

A
  1. fenestrations of endothelial cells
  2. basal lamina of glomerulus
  3. podocyte filtration slits
33
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

reabsorption of organic nutrients, ions, water as required by body
cells have villi + microvilli projecting into lumen = ↑ SA for absorption

34
Q

loop of Henle

A

thin limb = reabsorption of water (thin wall = diffusion)
thick limb = reabsorption of Na+ + Cl- (proteins require to transport)

35
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

secretion of ions, acid, toxins
variable reabsorption of ions + water
under control of aldosterone = what passes through membrane

36
Q

collecting duct

A

variable reabsorption of water + ions
under control of ADH = influences permeability of tube wall

37
Q

papillary duct

A

delivers urine to calyces

38
Q

urine concentration

A

movement of filtrate down loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons → create salt gradient
low [salt] in CD filtrate causes water to be reabsorbed
allows retention of water + elimination of solutes

39
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, arterioles
increases filtration rate + elevates blood pressure

40
Q

macula densa

A

cells lining distal tubule near arterioles
compare electrolyte concentration between eff and aff arterioles

41
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

smooth muscle cells around afferent arterioles
can constrict to attenuate blood flow = change pressure
secrete renin → elevates blood pressure

42
Q

urinary tract

A

ureter → urinary bladder → urethra

43
Q

ureter

A

mucosa = transitional (thick squamous) epithelium + lamina propria (vasculature)
submucosa = smooth muscle (both concentric + longitudinal)
outer connective tissue layer

peristalsis moves urine towards bladder

passes deep to vessels feeding gut but anterior to iliac vessels
pulls blood vessels from other organs to feed wall

44
Q

urinary bladder

A

mucosa = transitional epithelium + lamina propria
submucosa
detrusor muscle
covered by visceral peritoneum

ureters enter inside of bladder at ureteral openings
lots of rugae: folds and pockets that accommodate large amount of extensibility

45
Q

transitional epithelium

A

allows large expansion of bladder wall

46
Q

trigone

A

triangular area between ureteral openings and neck leading to urethra
lots of receptors = sensitivity

47
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

mainly in males (less developed in females)
smooth muscle with circular fibers

48
Q

urethra

A

mucosa = stratified squamous epithelium + lamina propria (lots of mucous epithelial glands)
smooth muscle
carries urine from bladder to external environment

49
Q

prostate gland

A

only in males
inferior to bladder, around urethra

50
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

skeletal muscle
in urogenital diaphragm

51
Q

sites of ureteric constriction

A

ureteropelvic junction (transition from renal pelvis to ureter)
crossing of the iliac vessels (anteriorly)
ureterovesical junction (where ureter enters bladder)

52
Q

kidney stones

A

calcification of solute-rich filtrate
very painful → rough + jagged surface pushed through narrow calyces + ureter

53
Q

innervation of kidneys

A

symp: T10-L1
parasymp: vagus

= carries afferent signals of pain from kidney stone = referred pain in posterior wall ~L1 level
+ cross over into genitals

54
Q

innervation of ureters + bladder

A

ureter: lower spinal levels (T11-L2)
bladder: L1-L2 (pelvic cavity)

referred pain

Anatomy (14 decks)

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