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urinary Flashcards

1
Q

kidney

A

produces urine
filters blood of toxins, waste products that accumulate through circulation

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2
Q

ureter function

A

transports urine
smooth muscle tube

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3
Q

urinary bladder function

A

stores urine

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4
Q

urethra function

A

conducts urine to the external environment

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5
Q

functions of urinary system

A

regulate blood volume and ionic composition
regulate blood pressure (by renin + reg of amount of water lost)
regulates blood pH - excretion of H+
excretes nitrogenous waste, toxins, + drugs

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6
Q

location of the kidney

A

retroperitoneal
L = T12-L2; R = L1-L3
surrounded by perirenal fat, renal fascia, and pararenal fat

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7
Q

adrenal glands

A

located on superomedial surface of each kidney
also covered by renal fascia

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8
Q

perirenal fat

A

layer directly around kidney

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9
Q

renal fascia

A

layer around perirenal fat
descends into pelvic cavity with opening between two sides
very thin
acts as barrier to any fluid from kidneys

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10
Q

pararenal fat

A

layer around renal fascia

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11
Q

cortex

A

outer layer of kidney
majority of nephron

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12
Q

medulla

A

inner layer of kidney
includes pyramid and renal columns
loop of Henle of nephrons + collecting duct

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13
Q

capsule

A

external layer of kidney
dense, fibrous structure
protection

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14
Q

pyramid

A

within medulla
pyramidal shapes formed by tubes conducting fluid towards urethra

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15
Q

renal columns

A

regions of medulla in between pyramids

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16
Q

lobe

A

includes individual pyramid + half of renal column on either side
+ cortex above

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17
Q

renal papilla

A

apex of pyramid
where tubes drain into; leads to calyx

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18
Q

calyx

A

collecting structure
minor collects from renal papilla →major → renal pelvis

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19
Q

renal pelvis

A

open space
connected to all calyces
drains into urethra

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20
Q

renal hilum

A

where structures enter/exit kidney

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21
Q

kidney blood supply

A

renal artery carries oxygenated blood → branches into 5 segmental arteries (feed into each of 5 segments in kidneys) → branch into interlobar arteries = travel into spaces between lobes → branch at base of each lobe into two arcuate arteries = supply base of pyramid from both sides → interlobular arteries supply cortex

veins parallel arteries; carry deoxygenated blood; run anterior to artery (runs anterior to pelvis)

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22
Q

cortical circulation

A

interlobular arteries extend into cortex between lobules → branch into afferent arterioles = form renal corpuscles in nephrons

23
Q

nephron

A

basic functional unit of kidney
~1 million/kidney
(only need ~10% to be functional)

24
Q

anatomy of nephron

A

renal corpuscle = capillary bed → PCT → Loop of Henle (thick desc → thin desc → thin asc → thick asc) → DCT → collecting tubule → into papilla

25
function of nephron
blood is filtered in renal corpuscle blood cells + large proteins retained by filter low molecular weight proteins, ions, metabolites, dissolved wastes pass through into PCT water, ions, and useful substances are reabsorbed into renal tubule
26
cortical nephrons
mainly in cortex small part of loop of Henle sits in medulla efferent arteriole forms capillary bed around tubules
27
juxtamedullary nephrons
sits at junction between cortex + medulla loop of Henle extends deep into medulla important for regulation of urine concentration vasa recta carry away water to preserve salt gradient
28
renal corpuscle
afferent arteriole carries blood into corpuscle → forms glomerulus = capillary bed blood filters through filtration layer into Bowman's space → PCT = filtrate
29
mesangial cells
cells within capillary bed
30
Bowman's capsule
outer membrane of corpuscle parietal layer
31
podocytes
cells covering surface of glomerulus capillaries visceral layer
32
filtration layer
1. fenestrations of endothelial cells 2. basal lamina of glomerulus 3. podocyte filtration slits
33
proximal convoluted tubule
reabsorption of organic nutrients, ions, water as required by body cells have villi + microvilli projecting into lumen = ↑ SA for absorption
34
loop of Henle
thin limb = reabsorption of water (thin wall = diffusion) thick limb = reabsorption of Na+ + Cl- (proteins require to transport)
35
distal convoluted tubule
secretion of ions, acid, toxins variable reabsorption of ions + water under control of aldosterone = what passes through membrane
36
collecting duct
variable reabsorption of water + ions under control of ADH = influences permeability of tube wall
37
papillary duct
delivers urine to calyces
38
urine concentration
movement of filtrate down loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons → create salt gradient low [salt] in CD filtrate causes water to be reabsorbed allows retention of water + elimination of solutes
39
juxtaglomerular apparatus
macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, arterioles increases filtration rate + elevates blood pressure
40
macula densa
cells lining distal tubule near arterioles compare electrolyte concentration between eff and aff arterioles
41
juxtaglomerular cells
smooth muscle cells around afferent arterioles can constrict to attenuate blood flow = change pressure secrete renin → elevates blood pressure
42
urinary tract
ureter → urinary bladder → urethra
43
ureter
mucosa = transitional (thick squamous) epithelium + lamina propria (vasculature) submucosa = smooth muscle (both concentric + longitudinal) outer connective tissue layer peristalsis moves urine towards bladder passes deep to vessels feeding gut but anterior to iliac vessels pulls blood vessels from other organs to feed wall
44
urinary bladder
mucosa = transitional epithelium + lamina propria submucosa detrusor muscle covered by visceral peritoneum ureters enter inside of bladder at ureteral openings lots of rugae: folds and pockets that accommodate large amount of extensibility
45
transitional epithelium
allows large expansion of bladder wall
46
trigone
triangular area between ureteral openings and neck leading to urethra lots of receptors = sensitivity
47
internal urethral sphincter
mainly in males (less developed in females) smooth muscle with circular fibers
48
urethra
mucosa = stratified squamous epithelium + lamina propria (lots of mucous epithelial glands) smooth muscle carries urine from bladder to external environment
49
prostate gland
only in males inferior to bladder, around urethra
50
external urethral sphincter
skeletal muscle in urogenital diaphragm
51
sites of ureteric constriction
ureteropelvic junction (transition from renal pelvis to ureter) crossing of the iliac vessels (anteriorly) ureterovesical junction (where ureter enters bladder)
52
kidney stones
calcification of solute-rich filtrate very painful → rough + jagged surface pushed through narrow calyces + ureter
53
innervation of kidneys
symp: T10-L1 parasymp: vagus = carries afferent signals of pain from kidney stone = referred pain in posterior wall ~L1 level + cross over into genitals
54
innervation of ureters + bladder
ureter: lower spinal levels (T11-L2) bladder: L1-L2 (pelvic cavity) referred pain

Anatomy (14 decks)

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