Cardiovascular Flashcards
1
Q
functions
A
maintain homeostasis
transport of
- metabolites + waste
- hormones + signal molecules
- dissolved gases
- cells involved in immune + inflammatory responses
regulation of body temp
2
Q
components
A
pump = heart
conducting vessels = arteries + veins
sites for exchange within tissues = capillaries
drainage system for excess tissue fluids = lymphatic vessels
3
Q
2 circuits
A
pulmonary = sends blood to lungs
systemic = sends blood to rest of body
4
Q
mediastinum
A
thoracic space where heart is found
“mid thorax”
contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, and large blood vessels
5
Q
apex of heart
A
points anterior + inferior
contacts inside of chest wall
6
Q
pericardium
A
heart is contained within pericardial cavity → formed by pericardial sac
three tissue layers
fibrous attachment to diaphragm acts as anchor
7
Q
visceral pericardium
A
epicardium
in contact with heart
serous membrane = secretes lubricating fluid to ↓ friction when heart contacts wall of chest
8
Q
parietal pericardium
A
inner layer of sac
serous membrane = secretes lubricating fluid to ↓ friction when heart contacts wall of chest
9
Q
fibrous pericardium
A
outside layer of sac
strong tissue
10
Q
heart wall
A
endocardium = epithelial layer covering inside
myocardium = cardiac muscle
visceral pericardium = outer epithelial layer
11
Q
cardiac muscle
A
striated
intercalated discs connect cells to maintain directional depolarization of contraction
12
Q
right atrium
A
forms right border
receives blood from systemic vasculature
13
Q
left atrium
A
posterior surface of heart
receives blood from lungs by two L + two R pulmonary veins
14
Q
right ventricle
A
most anterior part of heart
behind sternum
less muscle in walls → only sending blood to lungs
15
Q
left ventricle
A
forms left border
trabecular cornea
thicker muscle in walls = pump blood to whole body
16
Q
vena cava
A
superior: brings blood from head, neck, upper extremities, + thorax to heart
inferior: ascends through diaphragm; brings blood from lower extremities, abdomen, + pelvis
17
Q
aorta
A
ascending, arch, descending
main blood vessel leaving left ventricle
18
Q
aortic arch
A
passes on top of R pulm. artery
three branches: (ant) brachiocephalic trunk, (mid) left common carotid artery, (post) left subclavian artery
19
Q
descending aorta
A
descends posteriorly in thoracic cavity
divides into desc. thoracic + abdominal aorta
20
Q
brachiocephalic trunk
A
= arm + head
bifurcates into right subclavian artery + right common carotid artery
21
Q
common carotid artery
A
ascends neck
supplies blood to head + neck
branch into external + internal
22
Q
subclavian artery
A
passes inferiorly to clavicle
supplies upper extremities
23
Q
pulmonary trunk
A
sends blood from right ventricle to lungs
bifurcates into left + right pulmonary arteries
(L goes to L lung; R to R lung)
24
Q
auricle
A
muscular portion of R atrium
original contractile tissue in embryos
through which incision is made in open heart surgery
25
coronary sulcus
groove separating atria + ventricles
on anterior + posterior surfaces
26
interventricular sulcus
groove separating L + R sides
anterior = on anterior surface
posterior = on posterior surfaces
27
coronary sinus
sits in coronary sulcus
filled with venous blood that drains from coronary circulation into R atrium
28
blood flow through heart
enters via vena cavae → R atrium → (tricuspid valve) → R ventricle → (pulmonary valve) → pulmonary arteries → lungs
returns via pulmonary veins → L atrium → (mitral valve) → L ventricle → (aortic valve) → aorta → systemic circulation
29
cardiac cycle
all events associated with one heartbeat
two atria contract while ventricles relax
two ventricles contract while atria relax
30
diastole
relaxation phase
occurs in both atria + ventricles
31
systole
contraction phase
occurs in both atria + ventricles but refers to ventricles
32
ventricular diastole
atria contract = send blood into ventricles
ventricles are relaxed
AV valves are open
semilunar valves are closed
33
ventricular systole
ventricles contract = send blood into circulation
atria are relaxed
AV valves close
semilunar valves open
34
valves
ensure one way flow of blood
close to prevent backflow
surrounded by serous pericardium
35
atrioventricular valves
between atria + ventricles
leaflet cusps + apparatus: papillary muscles + chordae tendineae
papillary muscles contract during systole to tense chordae tendineae and prevent eversion of leaflets into atria
36
tricuspid valve
between R atrium + R ventricle
anterior, septal, + posterior cusps form seal
37
bicuspid valve
mitral valve
between L atrium + L ventricle
anterior cusp = thick
posterior cusp is bordered by commissural cusps = large but thin
mitral valve regurgitation = condition where blood leaks through valve
38
semilunar valves
between ventricles + outflow vessels
tricuspid valves
39
pulmonary valve
between R ventricle + pulmonary artery
three semilunar cusps (L, ant., R)
40
aortic valve
between L ventricle + aorta
three semilunar cusps (L, post., R) each contain aortic sinus
R + L coronary arteries branch off from R + L cusps (receive "extra" blood)
41
heart sounds
sounds are carried by direction of blood flow
aortic valve: right/up = right of sternum, 2nd intercostal space
pulmonary valve: up/left = left sternal border, 2nd ic space
mitral valve: far down/left = apex of heart, 5th ic space + midclavicular line
triscuspid valve: down = left side
42
Lub
1st heart sound
closing of AV valves when Vs contract
43
Dub
2nd heart sound
closing of semilunar valves after V contraction
44
coronary circulation
coronary arteries (L + R) travel in coronary sulcus → branch into smaller arteries
smaller veins ascend heart (parallel arteries) and collect in coronary sinus → drains into R atrium
45
right coronary artery
descends between R atrium + ventricle
branches:
- atrial arteries → R atrium
- marginal artery → inferior surface of heart
- posterior interventricular artery → posterior surface of heart, between L + R ventricles (in IV sulcus)
46
left coronary artery
descends between L atrium + ventricle
branches:
- circumflex artery → travels between L atrium + ventricle to posterior aspect of heart → to L V
- anterior interventricular artery → anterior surface of heart, in IV sulcus
47
coronary veins
small cardiac vein→ parallels R coronary artery; wraps to posterior surface
anterior cardiac veins → ascend anterior surface of R ventricle
great cardiac vein → parallels anterior IV artery
posterior cardiac vein → ascends posterior surface of L ventricle
middle cardiac vein → parallels posterior IV artery
48
great cardiac vein
parallels anterior IV artery
ascends towards base of heart, follows circumflex artery
49
conduction system
intrinsic electrical system of the heart
- SA node
- AV node
- bundle of His
- R + L bundle branches
- purkinje fibres
50
SA node
cardiac pacemaker in R atrium
initiates action potentials = sets heat rate (~70 bpm)
depolarization is initiated by cells inherent leakiness to Na+
51
intra + inter atrial pathways
spread depolarization to contractile cells within R atrium and to L atrium
internodal pathways spread it to AV node
52
AV node
between R atrium + ventricle
100 msec delay ensures atria depolarize + contract before ventricles
sends signal along Bundle of His
53
bundle of His
provides electrical connection between atria + ventricles
splits into bundle branches
54
bundle branches
descend to apex along interventricular septum
distribute Purkinje fibres into ventricles
55
Purkinje fibres
depolarization + contraction of myocytes spreads from apex to base
56
blood + lymph
fluid connective tissues
low viscosity fluid matrix with cells and proteins
57
blood
composed of blood cells + plasma
avg vol = 5-6L in males; 4-5L in females
pH = 7.35 - 7.45
temp = 38 degrees C
58
blood functions
distributed nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to body cells
carries metabolic wastes away from cells and to kidneys for excretion
transports specialized cells that provide protection against infection + disease
59
normovolemic
normal blood vol for given container (vasculature)
hypovolemic = too little
hypervolemic = too much
60
formed elements in blood
RBCs
WBCs
platelets
61
RBCs
erythrocytes
carry O2 and CO2
99% of cells in blood
biconcave disc-shaped cells
cytoplasm contains water (66%) + proteins (33%) - surrounded by plasma membrane
main purpose is gas transport = eject intracellular structures during development
62
WBCs
leukocytes
include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, + lymphocytes
63
neutrophils
phagocytic
destroy bacteria
64
eosinophils
anti-inflammatory + allergic response
65
basophils
opposite to eosinophils
inflammatory response
66
monocytes
become macrophages → phagocytic
67
platelets
clotting reaction to prevent blood loss
not cells
formed from megakaryocytes (large stem cells) in red bone marrow
membrane-bound enzyme packets that pinch off from megakaryocyte cytoplasm
68
blood vessels
pathways for blood to circulate throughout body
three layers: tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa
69
blood flow away from heart
arteries → arterioles → continuous capillaries
70
blood flow towards heart
veins → venules → fenestrated capillaries
71
tunica interna
internal coat
composed of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) + thin layer of connective tissue
72
tunica media
middle coat
thickest layer
composed of elastic fibers + smooth muscle
73
tunica externa
outermost coat
composed of connective tissue:
- protection of vessel
- attaches vessel to surrounding connective tissue
74
artery structure
dynamic structure
thicker wall = thick tunica media → more muscle + elastic fiber
internal elastic membrane between tunica interna + media
corregated endothelium
75
elastic artery
conducting
largest diameter
proximal to heart
- tunica media: lots of elastic fibers → stretch + recoil to accommodate large bolus of blood pumped out of heart (even out pressure surges)
76
muscular artery
distributing
carries blood to skeletal muscle + internal organs
ex. constrict vessels to extremities + direct more to brain
- tunica media: predominantly smooth muscle
circular pattern of fibres → contraction causes narrowing of lumen = vasoconstriction
no radial pattern = no active muscle component in vasodilation (relaxation allows blood flow to expand lumen)
77
arteriole
progressively smaller diameter
poorly defined tunica externa→ imbedded in tissues
- tunica media: few smooth muscle cells around outside
delivers blood to capillaries
change in lumen diameter regulates blood pressure (many arterioles)
78
continuous capillary
offloads nutrients/O2 to tissues
single layer of endothelial cells → allows diffusion
tight junctions between cells (attached)
79
fenestrated capillary
with or without diaphragm = connects pores
lots of pores in endothelial cells → passage of metabolic waste products into vasculature
small cells → no transport proteins + products are too large to diffuse
80
vein structure
relatively simple
not dynamic
no internal elastic membrane
straight endothelium
81
venule
collect blood from capillaries
primarily endothelium (t. interna) + tunica externa
very little muscle
82
medium-sized vein
between venules and large veins
thick tunica externa = support + structure
83
large vein
collect blood and return into R atrium
84
precapillary sphincters
smooth muscle ring
control blood flow through capillaries → metarterioles
85
metarterioles
shunt blood through capillary bed
short circuit between arteriole + venule = ↓ nutrient exchange where not needed
86
valves in veins
in walls of veins
prevent backflow of blood - work against gravity
venous compression caused by contraction of adjacent muscles - aids in maintaining blood flow
87
thoracic arteries
aortic arch = 3 branches
- brachiocephalic trunk → (branches) R common carotid + R subclavian
- L common carotid
- L subclavian → axillary
subclavian → (branch) internal thoracic
thoracic aorta → (branches) intercostals
88
head + neck arteries
common carotid → (branches) external + internal carotid
subclavian → (branches) vertebral + internal thoracic + thyrocervical trunk
89
carotid sinus
at common carotid branch point
contains receptors for blood pressure feedback
90
abdominal arteries
abdominal aorta descends posteriorly to abdomen - feeds visceral organs = 3 branches
- celiac trunk → supplies foregut = splenic, gastric, common hepatic arteries
- superior mesenteric → supplies midgut = branches to colon + small intestine
- inferior mesenteric → supplies hindgut = branches to colon
aorta bifurcates into R + L common iliac
each → internal + external iliac
91
upper extremity arteries
subclavian → axillary → brachial → radial + ulnar → palmar arches → digital
branch from axillary = deep brachial (in post. compartment of arm)
92
lower extremity arteries
common iliac → (br: internal iliac) external iliac (passes deep to inguinal ligament) → femoral → popliteal → posterior tibial → pedal arches → digital
deep femoral branches from femoral
branch to knee
fibular + anterior tibial branches
93
thoracic veins
intercostals + internal thoracic → azygos
vertebral + internal/external jugular → subclavian → brachiocephalic
all drain into superior vena cava
94
head and neck veins
vertebral
internal jugular
external jugular
→ subclavian → brachiocephalic → superior vena cava
95
deep abdominal veins
drains body
hepatics, renals, gonadals → drain into inferior vena cava
R + L external iliac → common iliac (internal iliac branches) → inf vena cava
96
hepatic portal system
superior + inferior mesenteric, splenic, + gastrics carry blood from digestive organs → heaptic portal vein = to liver
97
upper extremity veins
digitals → palmar arches → radial + ulnar → brachial → axillary → subclavian
basilic → axillary
cephalic
98
lower extremity veins
digitals → pedal arches → anterior tibial (+ posterior tibial + fibular) → popliteal → femoral → external ilial → common iliac
small saphenous
great saphenous
deep femoral
internal iliac
99
intracellular fluid
fluid inside cell - cytoplasm, nucleoplasm
100
extracellular fluid
blood plasma
ISF
101
ISF
bathes cells of body
filtrate of fluid + small solutes out of capillaries
enters lymphatic vessels
102
diapedesis
vascular pressure forces water + solutes across capillary membrane into interstitial space
103
lymph
ISF inside lymphatic vessels
composed of lymphocytes + lymph fluid → dilute solution of proteins + excess ISF)
104
lymph flow
flows passively along pressure gradient = no pump
negative pressure system allows ISF to enter vessels
105
lymphatic vessels
low pressure system
thin vessels
106
discontinuous capillaries
endothelial cells are not attached
space in between is large enough for molecules to enter lymphatics
107
valves in lymph system
lots
prevent backflow of lymph
108
lymphatic system functions
produce, maintain, + distribute lymphocytes (immune response)
assists maintaining normal blood volume (returns lost blood volume to vasculature)
alternate route for transport of hormones, nutrients, metabolic waste (lipids absorbed by digestive tract)
109
thoracic lymphatic duct
carries upward from cysterna chyli
empty into large thoracic veins
drainage of L body + R abdomen and lower extremity
110
right lymphatic duct
drains right head, upper thorax, + upper extremity
111
lymphocytes
lymph cells
role in immune response
112
B cells
originate + become immunocompetent in bone marrow
reside in lymph nodes, spleen, + lymphoid tissue
produce antibodies targeted to specific antigens = antibody-mediated immunity
113
T cells
originate in bone marrow → continue development + become immunocompetent in thymus gland
reside in spleen, other lymphoid organs, bone marrow
114
cytotoxic T cells
cell-mediated immunity
destroy pathogens + abnormal cells
115
regulatory T cells
regulate immune response
116
NK cells
natural killer cells
originate + become immunocompetent in bone marrow
immunological surveillance cells = continuously circulate through peripheral tissue
respond to cancer cells
117
lymphatic organs
discrete structures enclosed by a fibrous connective tissue
118
primary lymphatic organs
produce, maintain, and store lymphocytes
contain stem cells that generate lymphocytes
bone marrow + thymus gland
119
secondary lymphatic organs
peripheral structures
where most immune responses are initiated
activated lymphocytes divide to produce additional lymphocytes of same type
front line = where invading bacteria are first encountered
spleen + lymph nodes
120
thymus gland
posterior to manubrium in superior mediastinum
two lobes
early life = large
later life = involution
source of T cells
121
spleen
along L lateral curvature of stomach between ribs 9 + 11
largest lymphoid organ
filters blood → removes abnormal blood cells + components by phagocytosis
stores iron recycled from metabolized RBCs
initiates immune response by B + T cells in response to circulating antigens
122
lymph node
oval lymphoid organs ranging from 1-25mm in diameter
many afferent vessels penetrate fibrous capsule
single efferent vessel exits node
123
lymph node functions
filter lymph = remove 99% of antigens
resident T cells, B cells, + macrophages = major site of immune response to antigens
124
lymph "glands"
large nodes at base of neck, axillae, groin
enlarged due to inflammation or infection
125
lymphoid tissues
connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes
126
diffuse lymphoid tissues
mucous membranes of respiratory + urinary tracts
127
nodules
oval-shaped aggregations of densely packed small lymphocytes supporter by dense reticular fibres
lack of fibrous capsule = indistinct boundaries
mount immune response to antigens
mucosa of digestive tract: tonsils, Peyer's patches, appendix
128
tonsils
aggregates of lymphoid nodules in wall of pharynx
remove pathogens from inspired air + food
129
Peyer's patches
lymph nodules in lining of small intestine
nodules sit on submucosa connective tissue and are under muscularis mucosa
130
appendix
mass of fused lymphoid nodules
131
lymphatic drainage of breast
