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endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

glands

A

tissue derived from epithelium
specialized cells that synthesize, store, + secrete chemical substances
exocrine + endocrine

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2
Q

exocrine glands

A

release secretions into ducts → carried to body surface
ex. sweat, mammary, salivary

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3
Q

endocrine glands

A

release secretions into sinusoids → passed into capillaries = carried by circulatory system to target tissues + rest of body
ex. thyroid, pituitary, adrenal

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4
Q

endocrine system

A

collection of glands + tissues of body that secrete chemical messengers into blood and ISF
integrates activities of organs + systems throughout body
NS + ES function together to maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

neuroendocrinology

A

association between endocrine + NS
brain regulates secretion from endocrine glands + hormones modify CNS function

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6
Q

similarities between nerve cells + gland cells

A

secrete chemical messengers that act on target cells
electrical activity
secrete hormones that enter vasc system
release similar substances (DA, NE, somatostatin) = act as NT, neural hormone, classic hormone

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7
Q

hormone signal messengers

A

NT = signals between neurons
neural hormone = released from neuron into blood
classic hormone = released from gland into blood

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8
Q

NS

A

neurons produce responses that are highly specific + act over short term
signals = electrical impulses conducted along axons
chemical messengers conduct impulse between neurons

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9
Q

ES

A

hormones produce responses that affect many tissues simultaneously + act over long term
signals = chemical substances released by endocrine glands → circulate in bloodstream

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10
Q

hormone

A

chemical messenger
produced + secreted by endocrine cell or tissue
travels through circulatory system to other tissues
acts upon specific target cells within tissue

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11
Q

hormone actions

A

bind to specific cellular receptors
presence or absence of receptor determines cell’s response to hormone
changing number of receptors = change cell’s sensitivity to hormone

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12
Q

pituitary gland

A

hypophysis
extends from hypothalamus as infundibulum = pituitary stalk
within bony cavity inferior to optic chiasm
anterior + posterior lobes

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13
Q

development of pituitary gland

A

derived from epithelium in oral cavity
neurohypophyseal bud grows into infundibulum below hypot. to form posterior lobe
hypophyseal pouch extends from oral cavity into mesenchyme → becomes pars intermedia before forming anterior lobe

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14
Q

anterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis
true glandular mass with endocrine cells
hormones = hGH, TSH, FSH/LH, Prl, ACTH, MSH

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15
Q

posterior lobe of pituitary gland

A

neurohypophysis
axons of neurons descend from hypothalamus
hormones = ADH, oxytocin

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16
Q

hGH

A

human growth hormone
stimulates body growth + metabolism

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17
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone
controls thyroid gland function

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18
Q

FSH + LH

A

follicle stimulating + luteinizing hormones
control secretion of sex hormones and production of gametes (oocytes + sperm)

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19
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates milk production in mammary gland

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20
Q

ACTH

A

controls hormone secretion by adrenal cortex

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21
Q

MSH

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone
stimulates melanin secretion by melanocytes

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22
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin
regulates concentration of urine = functions in regulation of blood pressure

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23
Q

oxytocin

A

stimulates uterine muscle contraction during childbirth
stimulates release of milk from mammary glands

24
Q

control of posterior pituitary hormones

A

hypothalamus cells produce hormones → travel along stalk into posterior pituitary = released into vasculature

25
control of anterior pituitary hormones
hypothalamus secretes regulatory hormones to control pituitary activity hormones secreted by pituitary control other endocrine organs
26
hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
neurons in the hypothalamus: supraoptic nucleus (ADH) + paraventricular nucleus (oxytocin) = release hormones in post. pituitary inferior hypophyseal artery (capillary network) other cells in hypot. release hormones into primary capillary plexus (formed by superior hypophyseal artery in pituitary stalk) = carried by portal veins to anterior pituitary (form secondary capillary plexus) hypophyseal veins leave base on ant + post pituitary = carry hormones to vasculature
27
feedback inhibition
releasing hormone ex. TRH ↓ stimulating hormone ex. TSH (neg feedback to hypot.) ↓ target organ or tissue ex. thyroid gland - thyroxine (neg feedback to hypot. and pituitary)
28
thyroid gland
contains follicles, formed by follicular cells and containing colloid → storage of thyroglobulin synthesizes T3 (has physiological activity on cells) + T4 (more produced, deiodinated into T3)
29
production of thyroid hormones
follicle cells secrete hormone precursor called thyroglobulin into follicle cavity iodine is added to thyroglobulin in the cavity when stimulated by TSH, follicle cells convert thyroglobulin to thyroid hormones T3 + T4 follicle cells secrete T3 + T4 into connective tissue between follicles hormones picked up by capillaries thyroid hormones regulate metabolism
30
parafollicular cells
C-cells contained in follicle produce hormone calcitonin function in calcium regulation
31
parathyroid glands
4, in posterior of thyroid oxiphil cells and principal cells → secrete parathyroid hormone functions in calcium regulation
32
thyroid hormones
stimulate oxygen use, basal metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, growth + development
33
calcitonin
decreases Ca2+ in body fluids increases Ca2+ deposition in bone
34
parathyroid hormone
increases Ca2+ in body fluids decreases Ca2+ deposition in bone
35
adrenal glands
supplied by superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries (branch from abdominal aorta) sit on supramedial pole of kidneys cortex (3 cell layers) + medulla (single cell mass)
36
aldosterone
mineralocorticoid increases renal absorption of Na+ and H20 decreases renal absorption of K+
37
cortisol
glucocorticoid stimulates protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism anti-inflammatory
38
androgens
male-type hormones in females, adrenal cortex is the only source stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair stimulates libido
39
adrenal medulla
innervated by both pre and post ganglionic fibres - preG fibres synapse on chromaffin cells = release epinephrine + norepinephrine into vasculature - postG fibres supply blood vessels to control diameter
40
epinephrine/norepinephrine
fight or flight response (sympathetic) increase cardiac output increase blood pressure increase blood glucose effect release of lipids from adipose tissue
41
pancreas
exocrine and endocrine gland exocrine contains ducts that aggregate to main pancreatic duct; surrounds islets = endocrine
42
pancreatic islet
surrounded by exocrine acinar cells contain alpha, beta, and delta cells capillaries travel within
43
glucagon
secreted by alpha cells stimulates glucose synthesis elevates blood glucose mobilizes lipid reserves
44
insulin
secreted by beta cells stimulates lipid and glycogen synthesis and storage stimulates glucose uptake by cells decreases blood glucose levels
45
somatostatin
secreted by delta cells inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin (modulator)
46
diabetes mellitus
inability to produce or use insulin = elevation of blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) excretion of glucose in urine causes cardiovascular + vision problems
47
type I diabetes
10% autoimmune disease that destroys insulin-secreting cells of islets (Beta cells) marked reduction of insulin levels insulin-dependent diabetes (need exogenous source injected into body) can occur at any age; more common between 5-20
48
type II diabetes
90% combination of insulin-resistance and insulin-secretory defects target cells become less sensitive to insulin due to down-regulation of receptors non-insulin dependent diabetes (insulin present but cannot be used effectively) correlates with age and obesity initial management by diet, exercise, weight loss
49
gonads
ovaries + testes endocrine glands
50
pineal gland
in brain (superior to tectum in midbrain; inferior to corpus callosum) unclear physiological role secretes melatonin = regulation of biological clock (sleep cycle)
51
thymus gland
true gland produces + stores T cells = dunction in cell-mediated immunity secretes thymic hormones that act on T cells to promote proliferation and maturation
52
GI tract
> 20 different hormones regulate activity of GI tract and digestive glands
53
kidneys
erythropoeitin = ↑ RBC production renin = ↑ blood pressure
54
heart
atrial natriuretic peptide released by atria = ↓ blood pressure
55
adipose tissue
leptins = appetite suppressant ↑ fat = ↑ storage in adipocytes → secretion of leptin = feedback to brain = ↓ appetite

Anatomy (14 decks)

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