Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > respiratory > Flashcards

respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

functions

A

exchange of gas between atm and blood
- uptake of O2 + release of CO2
filtration, temperature regulation, + humidification of inspired air
olfaction = sense of smell
production of sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

respiratory area

A

~70 sq. m (750 sq. feet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

upper respiratory system

A

entry of air into body through mouth/nose to larynx
external nares → nasal vestibule → conchae → internal nares → nasopharynx → eustachian tube → oropharynx → laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

external nares

A

nostrils
two holes leading into nasal cavity (one is larger)
nasal cavity = in visceral cranium
separated by septum (cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

conchae

A

projections from lateral wall into nasal cavity
3 (top two = cartilage, lowest = bone)
turbinates when covered with mucous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

turbinates

A

turbulence of air
mucous membrane contains blood and moisture = warming + humidification of air
protects airway from cold air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

internal nares

A

funnel air into pharynx
at the back of the nasal cavity
in line with end of hard palate (separation of oral + nasal cavities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nasopharynx

A

nasal part of pharynx
contains eustachian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

eustachian tube

A

connects nasopharynx to middle ear
air helps balance pressure of external forces squeezing eardrum (also movement from swallowing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

oropharynx

A

posterior to oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

epiglottis

A

flap at posterior aspect of tongue
mobile structure = covers glottis leading to trachea when swallowing food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

laryngopharynx

A

posterior to larynx
differentially direct air/food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

protection of airway when swallowing

A

tongue pushes bolus into oropharynx
soft palate closes nasal cavity; laryngeal movement closes epiglottis to seal airway
pharygeal muscles push bolus into esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

lower respiratory system

A

below larynx
divided into conducting + respiratory portions
trachea branches into L + R primary bronchi
bronchi enter lungs at hilum → branch into secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hilum

A

root of lung
site where blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves and airways enter and leave lungs
tail inferior to main entrance → often has vein (both lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

lungs

A

apex = top (above clavicle)
base = bottom (proximal to diaphragm)
oblique fissure separates inferior lobe from others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

R lung

A

3 lobes = superior, middle, + inferior
horizontal fissure separates superior + middle lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

L lung

A

2 lobes = superior + inferior
cardiac notch in medial surface = lung grows around heart
lingula: projection of superior lobe around heart (inferior to tissue of inferior lobe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pleura

A

membrane surrounding lungs
outside layer = parietal pleura (inside of thoracic cage, on body wall)
inside layer = visceral pleura (covers outside of lungs)
forms pleural cavity in between two layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pleural cavity

A

both layers of pleural membrane are serous = secrete fluid
fluid protects lungs from friction during expansion

21
Q

primary bronchi

A

direct air into lungs
divide into secondary

have thinner cartilage rings, more spaced out
R side = shorter (before branching), straighter, wider

22
Q

secondary bronchi

A

direct air into lobes
3 on R side; 2 on L side
divide into tertiary

23
Q

tertiary bronchi

A

direct air into segments of lungs within lobe

24
Q

bronchioles

A

airway projections
terminal bronchioles = smallest conducting passages

25
trachea
sits anterior to esophagus anterior surface covered by C-shaped cartilage rings (posterior surface = smooth muscle, between esophagus)
26
smooth muscle
in all conducting branches of airway but predominates in smaller airways (trachea → bronchioles) controls diameter of airway: allows broncho-constriction/dilation = movement of air constriction reduces airflow
27
conducting zone
trachea → terminal bronchioles no alveoli airways facilitate movement of air
28
respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts (alveolar sacs) have alveoli airways conduct air and facilitate gas exchange
29
alveolar sacs
clustered alveoli fed by capillary network
30
airway walls
cartilage (in larger airways; helps keep airways open) smooth muscle elastic fibres
31
elastic fibres
lots, around all airways predominate in smaller airways and respiratory portion elastic recoil provides force for expiration
32
asthma attack
smooth muscle in wall of bronchioles contracts = narrowing of airways contraction caused by: parasympathetic stimulation + mediators of allergic reactions (histamine) muscle contraction reduces airflow bronchioles = most numerous airways → provide greatest resistance to airflow
33
emphysema
reduced ability to exhale air from lungs due to breakdown of alveolar walls = produces abnormally large air spaces lowered surface area for gas exchange → reduced respiratory efficiency reduced elastic recoil due to loss of elastic fibers causes: smoking, other irritants
34
respiratory epithelium
- pseudostratified epithelium line larger passages (nasal cavity, nasopharynx, large airways) - stratified squamous (non-keratinized) in oropharynx - gradually becomes simple in smaller tubes: simple columnar → cuboidal → squamous (in alveoli) stem cells located at base contains goblet cells = produce mucous apical surface has lots of cilia mucous layer floats on serous layer
35
alveolar wall
between alveolar air space and RBCs alveolar epithelium (type I cells) → fused basement membrane → capillary endothelium → capillary lumen
36
how many plasma membranes does an oxygen molecule cross to pass from air space to bind a hemoglobin molecule in a RBC
5 across alveolar cell: - luminal membrane - basolateral membrane across endothelial cell: - basolateral membrane (facing basal lamina) - luminal membrane (facing inside capillary) into RBC - rbc membrane
37
type I alveolar cells
simple squamous epithelium line alveoli
38
type II alveolar cells
secrete surfactant embedded in alveolar epithelium
39
surfactant
lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid prevents alveolar walls from sticking together + collapsing (facilitates opening of alveoli)
40
respiratory distress syndrome
occurs in children born prematurely under-developed type II alveolar cells lack surfactant = alveoli cannot inflate properly leads to insufficient oxygenation of blood
41
alveolar macrophages
"roomba" ingest debris in alveoli to prevent interference with surface gas exchange are expelled into airways → become trapped in mucous sheets → carried toward pharynx by ciliary action → expectorated or swallowed
42
pulmonary arteries
travel with airways → branch to reach alveoli carry deoxygenated blood
43
pulmonary veins
travel in interlobular connective tissue take direct path to return to L atrium carry oxygenated blood
44
lymphatics
travel in interlobular connective tissue
45
alveolar capillaries
form network surrounding alveoli
46
muscles of quiet inhalation
diaphragm: contracts to flatten = ↑ vertical diameter of thoracic cavity external intercostals: lift ribs superiorly + move sternum anteriorly
47
muscles of quiet exhalation
no muscles relaxation of muscles contracted during insp elastic recoil of lung tissue + thoracic wall
48
muscles of forced inhalation
accessory muscles sternocleidomastoid = elevates sternum scalenes = elevate ribs 1 + 2 pectoralis minor = elevates ribs 3-5
49
muscles of forced exhalation
internal intercostals (in between ribs) abdominal muscles = move inferior ribs down + compress viscera to push diaphragm superiorly

Anatomy (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions