Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > respiratory > Flashcards

respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

functions

A

exchange of gas between atm and blood
- uptake of O2 + release of CO2
filtration, temperature regulation, + humidification of inspired air
olfaction = sense of smell
production of sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

respiratory area

A

~70 sq. m (750 sq. feet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

upper respiratory system

A

entry of air into body through mouth/nose to larynx
external nares → nasal vestibule → conchae → internal nares → nasopharynx → eustachian tube → oropharynx → laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

external nares

A

nostrils
two holes leading into nasal cavity (one is larger)
nasal cavity = in visceral cranium
separated by septum (cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

conchae

A

projections from lateral wall into nasal cavity
3 (top two = cartilage, lowest = bone)
turbinates when covered with mucous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

turbinates

A

turbulence of air
mucous membrane contains blood and moisture = warming + humidification of air
protects airway from cold air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

internal nares

A

funnel air into pharynx
at the back of the nasal cavity
in line with end of hard palate (separation of oral + nasal cavities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nasopharynx

A

nasal part of pharynx
contains eustachian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

eustachian tube

A

connects nasopharynx to middle ear
air helps balance pressure of external forces squeezing eardrum (also movement from swallowing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

oropharynx

A

posterior to oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

epiglottis

A

flap at posterior aspect of tongue
mobile structure = covers glottis leading to trachea when swallowing food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

laryngopharynx

A

posterior to larynx
differentially direct air/food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

protection of airway when swallowing

A

tongue pushes bolus into oropharynx
soft palate closes nasal cavity; laryngeal movement closes epiglottis to seal airway
pharygeal muscles push bolus into esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

lower respiratory system

A

below larynx
divided into conducting + respiratory portions
trachea branches into L + R primary bronchi
bronchi enter lungs at hilum → branch into secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hilum

A

root of lung
site where blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves and airways enter and leave lungs
tail inferior to main entrance → often has vein (both lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

lungs

A

apex = top (above clavicle)
base = bottom (proximal to diaphragm)
oblique fissure separates inferior lobe from others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

R lung

A

3 lobes = superior, middle, + inferior
horizontal fissure separates superior + middle lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

L lung

A

2 lobes = superior + inferior
cardiac notch in medial surface = lung grows around heart
lingula: projection of superior lobe around heart (inferior to tissue of inferior lobe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pleura

A

membrane surrounding lungs
outside layer = parietal pleura (inside of thoracic cage, on body wall)
inside layer = visceral pleura (covers outside of lungs)
forms pleural cavity in between two layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pleural cavity

A

both layers of pleural membrane are serous = secrete fluid
fluid protects lungs from friction during expansion

21
Q

primary bronchi

A

direct air into lungs
divide into secondary

have thinner cartilage rings, more spaced out
R side = shorter (before branching), straighter, wider

22
Q

secondary bronchi

A

direct air into lobes
3 on R side; 2 on L side
divide into tertiary

23
Q

tertiary bronchi

A

direct air into segments of lungs within lobe

24
Q

bronchioles

A

airway projections
terminal bronchioles = smallest conducting passages

25
Q

trachea

A

sits anterior to esophagus
anterior surface covered by C-shaped cartilage rings (posterior surface = smooth muscle, between esophagus)

26
Q

smooth muscle

A

in all conducting branches of airway but predominates in smaller airways
(trachea → bronchioles)
controls diameter of airway: allows broncho-constriction/dilation = movement of air
constriction reduces airflow

27
Q

conducting zone

A

trachea → terminal bronchioles
no alveoli

airways facilitate movement of air

28
Q

respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts (alveolar sacs)
have alveoli

airways conduct air and facilitate gas exchange

29
Q

alveolar sacs

A

clustered alveoli
fed by capillary network

30
Q

airway walls

A

cartilage (in larger airways; helps keep airways open)
smooth muscle
elastic fibres

31
Q

elastic fibres

A

lots, around all airways
predominate in smaller airways and respiratory portion
elastic recoil provides force for expiration

32
Q

asthma attack

A

smooth muscle in wall of bronchioles contracts = narrowing of airways
contraction caused by: parasympathetic stimulation
+ mediators of allergic reactions (histamine)
muscle contraction reduces airflow
bronchioles = most numerous airways → provide greatest resistance to airflow

33
Q

emphysema

A

reduced ability to exhale air from lungs
due to breakdown of alveolar walls = produces abnormally large air spaces
lowered surface area for gas exchange → reduced respiratory efficiency
reduced elastic recoil due to loss of elastic fibers
causes: smoking, other irritants

34
Q

respiratory epithelium

A
  • pseudostratified epithelium line larger passages (nasal cavity, nasopharynx, large airways)
  • stratified squamous (non-keratinized) in oropharynx
  • gradually becomes simple in smaller tubes: simple columnar → cuboidal → squamous (in alveoli)

stem cells located at base
contains goblet cells = produce mucous
apical surface has lots of cilia
mucous layer floats on serous layer

35
Q

alveolar wall

A

between alveolar air space and RBCs
alveolar epithelium (type I cells) → fused basement membrane → capillary endothelium → capillary lumen

36
Q

how many plasma membranes does an oxygen molecule cross to pass from air space to bind a hemoglobin molecule in a RBC

A

5
across alveolar cell:
- luminal membrane
- basolateral membrane
across endothelial cell:
- basolateral membrane (facing basal lamina)
- luminal membrane (facing inside capillary)
into RBC
- rbc membrane

37
Q

type I alveolar cells

A

simple squamous epithelium
line alveoli

38
Q

type II alveolar cells

A

secrete surfactant
embedded in alveolar epithelium

39
Q

surfactant

A

lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid
prevents alveolar walls from sticking together + collapsing (facilitates opening of alveoli)

40
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

occurs in children born prematurely
under-developed type II alveolar cells
lack surfactant = alveoli cannot inflate properly
leads to insufficient oxygenation of blood

41
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

“roomba”
ingest debris in alveoli to prevent interference with surface gas exchange
are expelled into airways → become trapped in mucous sheets → carried toward pharynx by ciliary action → expectorated or swallowed

42
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

travel with airways → branch to reach alveoli
carry deoxygenated blood

43
Q

pulmonary veins

A

travel in interlobular connective tissue
take direct path to return to L atrium
carry oxygenated blood

44
Q

lymphatics

A

travel in interlobular connective tissue

45
Q

alveolar capillaries

A

form network surrounding alveoli

46
Q

muscles of quiet inhalation

A

diaphragm: contracts to flatten = ↑ vertical diameter of thoracic cavity
external intercostals: lift ribs superiorly + move sternum anteriorly

47
Q

muscles of quiet exhalation

A

no muscles
relaxation of muscles contracted during insp
elastic recoil of lung tissue + thoracic wall

48
Q

muscles of forced inhalation

A

accessory muscles
sternocleidomastoid = elevates sternum
scalenes = elevate ribs 1 + 2
pectoralis minor = elevates ribs 3-5

49
Q

muscles of forced exhalation

A

internal intercostals (in between ribs)
abdominal muscles = move inferior ribs down + compress viscera to push diaphragm superiorly

Anatomy (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions